Skip to main content
All modules

TemplateJournals

Elsevier (elsarticle)

Elsevier manuscript on the elsarticle class in preprint mode, used by Cell, The Lancet, NeuroImage and about 2,500 other Elsevier journals.

Loading PDF preview…

What’s inside

  • Starter files
  • main.tex850 B
    \documentclass[preprint,12pt]{elsarticle}

\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{lineno}
\linenumbers

\journal{Journal Name}

\begin{document}

\begin{frontmatter}

\title{Your Paper Title Here}

\author[inst1]{First Author\corref{cor1}}
\ead{first@example.com}
\cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}

\author[inst2]{Second Author}

\affiliation[inst1]{organization={First Affiliation}, country={Country}}
\affiliation[inst2]{organization={Second Affiliation}, country={Country}}

\begin{abstract}
Your abstract here.
\end{abstract}

\begin{keyword}
keyword1 \sep keyword2 \sep keyword3
\end{keyword}

\end{frontmatter}

\section{Introduction}

\section{Methods}

\section{Results}

\section{Discussion}

\section*{References}
\bibliographystyle{elsarticle-num}
\bibliography{references}

\end{document}
  • Libraries and docs
  • elsarticle-harv.bst29 KBVendored from mirrors.ctan.org on 2026-05-26.
    %%
%% This is file `elsarticle-harv.bst'  (Version 2.1),
%% 
%% Copyright 2009-2026 Elsevier Ltd
%% 
%% This file is part of the 'Elsarticle Bundle'.
%% ---------------------------------------------
%% 
%% It may be distributed under the conditions of the LaTeX Project Public
%% License, either version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any
%% later version.  The latest version of this license is in
%%    http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
%% version 1999/12/01 or later.
%%
%% $Id: elsarticle-harv.bst 288 2026-01-09 06:11:11Z rishi $
%%
%% $URL: https://lenova.river-valley.com/svn/elsarticle/trunk/elsarticle-harv.bst $
%% 

ENTRY
  { address
    archive
    author
    booktitle
    chapter
    collaboration
    edition
    editor
    howpublished
    institution
    journal
    key
    month
    note
    number
    organization
    pages
    publisher
    school
    series
    title
    type
    volume
    year
    url
    doi
    eprint
    pubmed
  }
  {}
  { label extra.label sort.label short.list }

INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }

STRINGS { urlprefix doiprefix eprintprefix pubmedprefix }

FUNCTION {init.web.variables}
{
 "\URLprefix "     'urlprefix :=
 "\DOIprefix"      'doiprefix :=
 "\ArXivprefix  "   'eprintprefix :=
 "\Pubmedprefix "  'pubmedprefix :=
}

FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
{ #0 'before.all :=
  #1 'mid.sentence :=
  #2 'after.sentence :=
  #3 'after.block :=
}
STRINGS { s t}
FUNCTION {output.comma}
{ ", " * write$}
   
FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
{ 's :=
  output.state mid.sentence =
    { ". " * write$ }
    { output.state after.block =
        { add.period$ write$
          newline$
          "\newblock " write$
        }
        { output.state before.all =
            'write$
            { ", " * write$ }
          if$
        }
      if$
      mid.sentence 'output.state :=
    }
  if$
  s
}
FUNCTION {output.commanull}
{ 's :=
  output.state mid.sentence =
    { ", " * write$ }
    { output.state after.block =
        { ", " * write$
          newline$
          "\newblock " write$
        }
        { output.state before.all =
            'write$
            { add.period$ " " * write$ }
          if$
        }
      if$
      mid.sentence 'output.state :=
    }
  if$
  s
}
FUNCTION {output}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    'pop$
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}
FUNCTION {output.check}
{ 't :=
  duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}
FUNCTION {output.book.check}
{ 't :=
  duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}
FUNCTION {fin.entry}
{ add.period$
  write$
  newline$
}

FUNCTION {new.block}
{ output.state before.all =
    'skip$
    { after.block 'output.state := }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {new.sentence}
{ output.state after.block =
    'skip$
    { output.state before.all =
        'skip$
        { after.sentence 'output.state := }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {add.blank}
{  " " * before.all 'output.state :=
}

FUNCTION {date.block}
{
  new.block
}

FUNCTION {not}
{   { #0 }
    { #1 }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {and}
{   'skip$
    { pop$ #0 }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {or}
{   { pop$ #1 }
    'skip$
  if$
}
FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}
{ empty$
  swap$ empty$
  and
    'skip$
    'new.block
  if$
}
FUNCTION {field.or.null}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    'skip$
  if$
}
FUNCTION {emphasize}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    { "\textit{" swap$ * "}" * }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix}
{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
    { "~" }
    { " " }
  if$
  swap$
}

FUNCTION {capitalize}
{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ }

FUNCTION {space.word}
{ " " swap$ * " " * }
 % Here are the language-specific definitions for explicit words.
 % Each function has a name bbl.xxx where xxx is the English word.
 % The language selected here is ENGLISH
FUNCTION {bbl.and}
{ "and"}

FUNCTION {bbl.etal}
{ "et~al." }

FUNCTION {bbl.editors}
{ "Eds." }

FUNCTION {bbl.editor}
{ "Ed." }

FUNCTION {bbl.edby}
{ "edited by" }

FUNCTION {bbl.edition}
{ "ed." }

FUNCTION {bbl.volume}
{ "volume" }

FUNCTION {bbl.of}
{ "of" }

FUNCTION {bbl.number}
{ "number" }

FUNCTION {bbl.nr}
{ "no." }

FUNCTION {bbl.in}
{ "in" }

FUNCTION {bbl.pages}
{ "pp." }

FUNCTION {bbl.page}
{ "p." }

FUNCTION {bbl.chapter}
{ "chapter" }

FUNCTION {bbl.techrep}
{ "Technical Report" }

FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis}
{ "Master's thesis" }

FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis}
{ "Ph.D. thesis" }

MACRO {jan} {"January"}

MACRO {feb} {"February"}

MACRO {mar} {"March"}

MACRO {apr} {"April"}

MACRO {may} {"May"}

MACRO {jun} {"June"}

MACRO {jul} {"July"}

MACRO {aug} {"August"}

MACRO {sep} {"September"}

MACRO {oct} {"October"}

MACRO {nov} {"November"}

MACRO {dec} {"December"}

MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surv."}

MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."}

MACRO {cacm} {"Commun. ACM"}

MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."}

MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."}

MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."}

MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."}

MACRO {ieeetcad}
 {"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aid. Des."}

MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."}

MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"}

MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. Syst. Sci."}

MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Program."}

MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."}

MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."}

MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."}

MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Graphic."}

MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Software"}

MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."}

MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Progr. Lang. Syst."}

MACRO {tcs} {"Theor. Comput. Sci."}

FUNCTION {bibinfo.check}
{ swap$
  duplicate$ missing$
    {
      pop$ pop$
      ""
    }
    { duplicate$ empty$
        {
          swap$ pop$
        }
        { swap$
          "\bibinfo{" swap$ * "}{" * swap$ * "}" *
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn}
{ swap$
  duplicate$ missing$
    {
      swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$
      ""
    }
    { duplicate$ empty$
        {
          swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$
        }
        { swap$
          pop$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

STRINGS  { bibinfo}

INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }

FUNCTION {format.names}
{ 'bibinfo :=
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ {
  's :=
  "" 't :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr
      "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f{.}.}"
      format.name$
      bibinfo bibinfo.check
      't :=
      nameptr #1 >
        {
          namesleft #1 >
            { ", " * t * }
            {
              "," *
              s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =
                { 't := }
                { pop$ }
              if$
              t "others" =
                {
                  " " * bbl.etal *
                }
                { " " * t * }
              if$
            }
          if$
        }
        't
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
  } if$
}
FUNCTION {format.names.ed}
{
  format.names
}
FUNCTION {format.key}
{ empty$
    { key field.or.null }
    { "" }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.authors}
{ author "author" format.names
    duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { collaboration "collaboration" bibinfo.check
      duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
        { " (" swap$ * ")" * }
      if$
      *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor}
{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ }

FUNCTION {format.editors}
{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      " " *
      get.bbl.editor
      capitalize
   "(" swap$ * ")" *
      *
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.note}
{
 note empty$
    { "" }
    { note #1 #1 substring$
      duplicate$ "{" =
        'skip$
        { output.state mid.sentence =
          { "l" }
          { "u" }
        if$
        change.case$
        }
      if$
      note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.title}
{ title
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { "t" change.case$ }
  if$
  "title" bibinfo.check
}
FUNCTION {format.full.names}
{'s :=
 "" 't :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr
      "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
      't :=
      nameptr #1 >
        {
          namesleft #1 >
            { ", " * t * }
            {
              s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =
                { 't := }
                { pop$ }
              if$
              t "others" =
                {
                  " " * bbl.etal *
                }
                {
                  bbl.and
                  space.word * t *
                }
              if$
            }
          if$
        }
        't
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {author.editor.key.full}
{ author empty$
    { editor empty$
        { key empty$
            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
            'key
          if$
        }
        { editor format.full.names }
      if$
    }
    { author format.full.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {author.key.full}
{ author empty$
    { key empty$
         { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
          'key
      if$
    }
    { author format.full.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {editor.key.full}
{ editor empty$
    { key empty$
         { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
          'key
      if$
    }
    { editor format.full.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {make.full.names}
{ type$ "book" =
  type$ "inbook" =
  or
    'author.editor.key.full
    { type$ "proceedings" =
        'editor.key.full
        'author.key.full
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
{ newline$
  "\bibitem[{" write$
  label write$
  ")" make.full.names duplicate$ short.list =
     { pop$ }
     { * }
   if$
  "}]{" * write$
  cite$ write$
  "}" write$
  newline$
  ""
  before.all 'output.state :=
}

FUNCTION {n.dashify}
{
  't :=
  ""
    { t empty$ not }
    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
        { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
            { "--" *
              t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
            }
            {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
                { "-" *
                  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
                }
              while$
            }
          if$
        }
        { t #1 #1 substring$ *
          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
        }
      if$
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {word.in}
{ bbl.in %capitalize
  ":" *
  " " * }

FUNCTION {format.date}
{ year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
    {
    }
    'skip$
  if$
  extra.label *
  before.all 'output.state :=
  ", " swap$ *
}
FUNCTION {format.btitle}
{ title "title" bibinfo.check
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {either.or.check}
{ empty$
    'pop$
    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
{ volume empty$
    { "" }
    { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.prefix
      "volume" bibinfo.check * *
      series "series" bibinfo.check
      duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
        { swap$ bbl.of space.word * swap$
          emphasize * }
      if$
      "volume and number" number either.or.check
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.number.series}
{ volume empty$
    { number empty$
        { series field.or.null }
        { series empty$
            { number "number" bibinfo.check }
        { output.state mid.sentence =
            { bbl.number }
            { bbl.number capitalize }
          if$
          number tie.or.space.prefix "number" bibinfo.check * *
          bbl.in space.word *
          series "series" bibinfo.check *
        }
      if$
    }
      if$
    }
    { "" }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.edition}
{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      output.state mid.sentence =
        { "l" }
        { "t" }
      if$ change.case$
      "edition" bibinfo.check
      " " * bbl.edition *
    }
  if$
}
INTEGERS { multiresult }
FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
{ 't :=
  #0 'multiresult :=
    { multiresult not
      t empty$ not
      and
    }
    { t #1 #1 substring$
      duplicate$ "-" =
      swap$ duplicate$ "," =
      swap$ "+" =
      or or
        { #1 'multiresult := }
        { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
      if$
    }
  while$
  multiresult
}
%FUNCTION {format.pages}
%{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
%    { duplicate$ multi.page.check
%        {
%          n.dashify
%        }
%        {
%        }
%      if$
%      "pages" bibinfo.check
%    }
%  if$
%}

FUNCTION {format.pages}
{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { duplicate$ multi.page.check
        {
          bbl.pages swap$
          n.dashify
        }
        {
          bbl.page swap$
        }
      if$
      tie.or.space.prefix
      "pages" bibinfo.check
      * *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.journal.pages}
{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
    { swap$ duplicate$ empty$
        { pop$ pop$ format.pages }
        {
          ", " *
          swap$
          n.dashify
          "pages" bibinfo.check
          *
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}
{ volume field.or.null
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      "volume" bibinfo.check
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
{ chapter empty$
    { "" }
    { type empty$
        { bbl.chapter }
        { type "l" change.case$
          "type" bibinfo.check
        }
      if$
      chapter tie.or.space.prefix
      "chapter" bibinfo.check
      * *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.booktitle}
{
  booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check
}
FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
{ format.booktitle duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      editor "editor" format.names.ed duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
        {
          " " *
          get.bbl.editor
          capitalize
          "(" swap$ * "), " *
          * swap$
          * }
      if$
      word.in swap$ *
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
{ type duplicate$ empty$
    'pop$
    { swap$ pop$
      "t" change.case$ "type" bibinfo.check
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
{ number "number" bibinfo.check
  type duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ bbl.techrep }
    'skip$
  if$
  "type" bibinfo.check
  swap$ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "t" change.case$ }
    { tie.or.space.prefix * * }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}
{
  word.in
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
{ volume duplicate$ empty$
    { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
      pop$ word.in
    }
    { bbl.volume
      capitalize
      swap$ tie.or.space.prefix "volume" bibinfo.check * * bbl.of space.word *
    }
  if$
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
{
  word.in
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.org.or.pub}
{ 't :=
  ""
  address empty$ t empty$ and
    'skip$
    {
      t empty$
        { address "address" bibinfo.check *
        }
        { t *
          address empty$
            'skip$
            { ", " * address "address" bibinfo.check * }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.publisher.address}
{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub
}

FUNCTION {format.organization.address}
{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub
}

FUNCTION {print.url}
 {url duplicate$ empty$
   { pop$ "" }
   { new.sentence
     urlprefix "\url{" * swap$  * "}" *
   }
   if$
 }

FUNCTION {print.doi}
 {doi duplicate$ empty$
   { pop$ "" }
   { new.sentence
     doiprefix "\doi{" * swap$  * "}" *
   }
   if$
 }

FUNCTION {print.eprint}
 {eprint duplicate$ empty$
   { pop$ "" }
   { new.sentence
     duplicate$ "\href{http://arxiv.org/abs/" swap$ * "}{{\tt arXiv:" * swap$ * "}}" *   }
   if$
 }

FUNCTION {print.pubmed}
 {pubmed duplicate$ empty$
   { pop$ "" }
   { new.sentence
     pubmedprefix "\Pubmed{" * swap$  * "}" *
   }
   if$
 }

FUNCTION {webpage}
{ "%Type = Webpage" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  author empty$
  {
    format.title "title" output.check
    new.block
    format.date "year" output.check
    date.block
  }
  {
    format.date "year" output.check
    date.block
    format.title "title" output.check
    new.block
}
  if$
  print.url output
  fin.entry
}


FUNCTION {article}
{ "%Type = Article" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  crossref missing$
    {
      journal
      "journal" bibinfo.check
      "journal" output.check
      add.blank
      format.vol.num.pages output
    }
    { format.article.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  format.journal.pages
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {book}
{ "%Type = Book" write$
  output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check
      editor format.key output
    }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
        { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
  if$
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.bvolume output
      new.block
      format.number.series output
      format.edition output
      new.sentence
      format.publisher.address output
    }
    {
      new.block
      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {booklet}
{ "%Type = Booklet" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {inbook}
{ "%Type = Inbook" write$
  output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check
      editor format.key output
    }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
        { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
  if$
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  format.edition output
  crossref missing$
    {
      format.publisher.address output
      format.bvolume output
      format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
      new.block
      format.number.series output
      new.sentence
    }
    {
      format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
      new.block
      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {incollection}
{ "%Type = Incollection" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.title "title" output.book.check
  new.sentence
  crossref missing$
    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.book.check
      format.edition output
      format.publisher.address output
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      format.chapter.pages output
      new.sentence
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
      format.chapter.pages output
    }
  if$
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {inproceedings}
{ "%Type = Inproceedings" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.title "title" output.book.check
  new.sentence
  crossref missing$
    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
      new.sentence
      publisher empty$
        { format.organization.address output }
        { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
          format.publisher.address output
        }
      if$
%      format.bvolume output
%      format.number.series output
%      format.pages output
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
      format.pages output
    }
  if$
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }

FUNCTION {manual}
{ "%Type = Manual" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  format.edition output
  organization address new.block.checkb
  organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
{ "%Type = Masterthesis" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.btitle
  "title" output.check
  new.block
  bbl.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" bibinfo.warn output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {misc}
{ "%Type = Misc" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.title output
  new.block
  howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {phdthesis}
{ "%Type = Phdthesis" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.btitle
  "title" output.check
  new.block
  bbl.phdthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" bibinfo.warn output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {proceedings}
{ "%Type = Proceedings" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.editors output
  editor format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  format.bvolume output
  format.number.series output
  new.sentence
  publisher empty$
    { format.organization.address output }
    { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
      format.publisher.address output
    }
  if$
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {techreport}
{ "%Type = Techreport" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.btitle
  "title" output.check
  new.block
  format.tr.number output.nonnull
  institution "institution" bibinfo.warn output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {unpublished}
{ "%Type = Unpublished" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note "note" output.check
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }
READ
FUNCTION {sortify}
{ purify$
  "l" change.case$
}
INTEGERS { len }
FUNCTION {chop.word}
{ 's :=
  'len :=
  s #1 len substring$ =
    { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
    's
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.lab.names}
{ 's :=
  "" 't :=
  s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
  s num.names$ duplicate$
  #2 >
    { pop$
      " " * bbl.etal *
    }
    { #2 <
        'skip$
        { s #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
            {
              " " * bbl.etal *
            }
            { bbl.and space.word * s #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
              * }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {author.key.label}
{ author empty$
    { key empty$
        { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
        'key
      if$
    }
    { author format.lab.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label}
{ author empty$
    { editor empty$
        { key empty$
            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
            'key
          if$
        }
        { editor format.lab.names }
      if$
    }
    { author format.lab.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {editor.key.label}
{ editor empty$
    { key empty$
        { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
        'key
      if$
    }
    { editor format.lab.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {calc.short.authors}
{ type$ "book" =
  type$ "inbook" =
  or
    'author.editor.key.label
    { type$ "proceedings" =
        'editor.key.label
        'author.key.label
      if$
    }
  if$
  'short.list :=
}

FUNCTION {calc.label}
{ calc.short.authors
  short.list
  "("
  *
  year duplicate$ empty$
  short.list key field.or.null = or
     { pop$ "" }
     'skip$
  if$
  *
  'label :=
}

FUNCTION {sort.format.names}
{ 's :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  ""
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr
      "{ll{ }}{  f{ }}{  jj{ }}"
      format.name$ 't :=
      nameptr #1 >
        {
          "   "  *
          namesleft #1 = t "others" = and
            { "zzzzz" * }
            { t sortify * }
          if$
        }
        { t sortify * }
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {sort.format.title}
{ 't :=
  "A " #2
    "An " #3
      "The " #4 t chop.word
    chop.word
  chop.word
  sortify
  #1 global.max$ substring$
}
FUNCTION {author.sort}
{ author empty$
    { key empty$
        { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
          ""
        }
        { key sortify }
      if$
    }
    { author sort.format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {author.editor.sort}
{ author empty$
    { editor empty$
        { key empty$
            { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
              ""
            }
            { key sortify }
          if$
        }
        { editor sort.format.names }
      if$
    }
    { author sort.format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {editor.sort}
{ editor empty$
    { key empty$
        { "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$
          ""
        }
        { key sortify }
      if$
    }
    { editor sort.format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {presort}
{ calc.label
  label sortify
  "    "
  *
  type$ "book" =
  type$ "inbook" =
  or
    'author.editor.sort
    { type$ "proceedings" =
        'editor.sort
        'author.sort
      if$
    }
  if$
  #1 entry.max$ substring$
  'sort.label :=
  sort.label
  *
  "    "
  *
  title field.or.null
  sort.format.title
  *
  #1 entry.max$ substring$
  'sort.key$ :=
}

ITERATE {presort}
SORT
STRINGS { last.label next.extra }
INTEGERS { last.extra.num number.label }
FUNCTION {initialize.extra.label.stuff}
{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label :=
  "" 'next.extra :=
  #0 'last.extra.num :=
  #0 'number.label :=
}
FUNCTION {forward.pass}
{ last.label label =
    { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num :=
      last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label :=
    }
    { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num :=
      "" 'extra.label :=
      label 'last.label :=
    }
  if$
  number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
}
FUNCTION {reverse.pass}
{ next.extra "b" =
    { "a" 'extra.label := }
    'skip$
  if$
  extra.label 'next.extra :=
  extra.label
  duplicate$ empty$
    'skip$
%    { "{\natexlab{" swap$ * "}}" * }
    { "" swap$ * "" * }
  if$
  'extra.label :=
  label extra.label * 'label :=
}
EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff}
ITERATE {forward.pass}
REVERSE {reverse.pass}
FUNCTION {bib.sort.order}
{ sort.label
  "    "
  *
  year field.or.null sortify
  *
  "    "
  *
  title field.or.null
  sort.format.title
  *
  #1 entry.max$ substring$
  'sort.key$ :=
}
ITERATE {bib.sort.order}
SORT
FUNCTION {begin.bib}
{ preamble$ empty$
    'skip$
    { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
  if$
  "\begin{thebibliography}{" number.label int.to.str$ * "}" *
  write$ newline$
  "\expandafter\ifx\csname natexlab\endcsname\relax\def\natexlab#1{#1}\fi"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\url}[1]{\texttt{#1}}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\href}[2]{#2}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\path}[1]{#1}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\DOIprefix}{doi:}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\ArXivprefix}{arXiv:}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\URLprefix}{URL: }"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\Pubmedprefix}{pmid:}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\doi}[1]{\href{http://dx.doi.org/#1}{\path{#1}}}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\Pubmed}[1]{\href{pmid:#1}{\path{#1}}}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}"
  write$ newline$
	"\ifx\xfnm\relax \def\xfnm[#1]{\unskip,\space#1}\fi"
  write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {begin.bib}
EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
EXECUTE {init.web.variables} 
ITERATE {call.type$}
FUNCTION {end.bib}
{ newline$
  "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {end.bib}
%% End of customized bst file
%%
%% End of file `elsarticle-harv.bst'.
%%
%% Change log:
%% -----------
%% 22.04.2011
%%
%% 10.08.2012
%%   a. doi, url, eprint, pmid added
%%   b. Bibtype `webpage' defined
%%
%% 30.08.2012
%%   a. collaboration added.
%%
  • elsarticle-num-names.bst28 KBVendored from mirrors.ctan.org on 2026-05-26.
    %%
%% This is file `elsarticle-num-names.bst'  (Version 2.1),
%% 
%% Copyright 2009-2026 Elsevier Ltd
%% 
%% This file is part of the 'Elsarticle Bundle'.
%% ---------------------------------------------
%% 
%% It may be distributed under the conditions of the LaTeX Project Public
%% License, either version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any
%% later version.  The latest version of this license is in
%%    http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
%% version 1999/12/01 or later.
%%
%% $Id: elsarticle-num-names.bst 288 2026-01-09 06:11:11Z rishi $
%%
%% $URL: https://lenova.river-valley.com/svn/elsarticle/trunk/elsarticle-num-names.bst $
%%
%%

ENTRY
  { address
    author
    booktitle
    chapter
    collaboration
    edition
    editor
    howpublished
    institution
    journal
    key
    month
    note
    number
    organization
    pages
    publisher
    school
    series
    title
    type
    volume
    year
    url
    doi
    eprint
    pubmed
  }
  {}
  { label extra.label sort.label short.list }

INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }

STRINGS { urlprefix doiprefix eprintprefix pubmedprefix }

FUNCTION {init.web.variables}
{
 "\URLprefix "     'urlprefix :=
 "\DOIprefix"      'doiprefix :=
 "\ArXivprefix  "   'eprintprefix :=
 "\Pubmedprefix "  'pubmedprefix :=
}

FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
{ #0 'before.all :=
  #1 'mid.sentence :=
  #2 'after.sentence :=
  #3 'after.block :=
}
STRINGS { s t}
FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
{ 's :=
  output.state mid.sentence =
    { ", " * write$ }
    { output.state after.block =
%        { add.period$ write$
        { ", " * write$
          newline$
          "\newblock " write$
        }
        { output.state before.all =
            'write$
            { add.period$ " " * write$ }
          if$
        }
      if$
      mid.sentence 'output.state :=
    }
  if$
  s
}
FUNCTION {output}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    'pop$
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}
FUNCTION {output.check}
{ 't :=
  duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}
FUNCTION {fin.entry}
{ add.period$
  write$
  newline$
}

FUNCTION {new.block}
{ output.state before.all =
    'skip$
    { after.block 'output.state := }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {new.sentence}
{ output.state after.block =
    'skip$
    { output.state before.all =
        'skip$
        { after.sentence 'output.state := }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {add.blank}
{  " " * before.all 'output.state :=
}

FUNCTION {date.block}
{
  skip$
}

FUNCTION {not}
{   { #0 }
    { #1 }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {and}
{   'skip$
    { pop$ #0 }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {or}
{   { pop$ #1 }
    'skip$
  if$
}
FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}
{ empty$
  swap$ empty$
  and
    'skip$
    'new.block
  if$
}
FUNCTION {field.or.null}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    'skip$
  if$
}
FUNCTION {emphasize}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    { "\textit{" swap$ * "}" * }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix}
{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
    { "~" }
    { " " }
  if$
  swap$
}

FUNCTION {capitalize}
{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ }

FUNCTION {space.word}
{ " " swap$ * " " * }
 % Here are the language-specific definitions for explicit words.
 % Each function has a name bbl.xxx where xxx is the English word.
 % The language selected here is ENGLISH
FUNCTION {bbl.and}
{ "and"}

FUNCTION {bbl.etal}
{ "et~al." }

FUNCTION {bbl.editors}
{ "eds." }

FUNCTION {bbl.editor}
{ "ed." }

FUNCTION {bbl.edby}
{ "edited by" }

FUNCTION {bbl.edition}
{ "ed." }

FUNCTION {bbl.volume}
{ "volume" }

FUNCTION {bbl.of}
{ "of" }

FUNCTION {bbl.number}
{ "number" }

FUNCTION {bbl.nr}
{ "no." }

FUNCTION {bbl.in}
{ "in" }

FUNCTION {bbl.pages}
{ "pp." }

FUNCTION {bbl.page}
{ "p." }

FUNCTION {bbl.chapter}
{ "chapter" }

FUNCTION {bbl.techrep}
{ "Technical Report" }

FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis}
{ "Master's thesis" }

FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis}
{ "Ph.D. thesis" }

MACRO {jan} {"January"}

MACRO {feb} {"February"}

MACRO {mar} {"March"}

MACRO {apr} {"April"}

MACRO {may} {"May"}

MACRO {jun} {"June"}

MACRO {jul} {"July"}

MACRO {aug} {"August"}

MACRO {sep} {"September"}

MACRO {oct} {"October"}

MACRO {nov} {"November"}

MACRO {dec} {"December"}

MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surv."}

MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."}

MACRO {cacm} {"Commun. ACM"}

MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."}

MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."}

MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."}

MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."}

MACRO {ieeetcad}
 {"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aid. Des."}

MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."}

MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"}

MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. Syst. Sci."}

MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Program."}

MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."}

MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."}

MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."}

MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Graphic."}

MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Software"}

MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."}

MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Progr. Lang. Syst."}

MACRO {tcs} {"Theor. Comput. Sci."}

FUNCTION {bibinfo.check}
{ swap$
  duplicate$ missing$
    {
      pop$ pop$
      ""
    }
    { duplicate$ empty$
        {
          swap$ pop$
        }
        { swap$
          "\bibinfo{" swap$ * "}{" * swap$ * "}" *
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn}
{ swap$
  duplicate$ missing$
    {
      swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$
      ""
    }
    { duplicate$ empty$
        {
          swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$
        }
        { swap$
          pop$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
STRINGS  { bibinfo}
INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }

FUNCTION {format.names}
{ 'bibinfo :=
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ {
  's :=
  "" 't :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr
      "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}"
      format.name$
      bibinfo bibinfo.check
      't :=
      nameptr #1 >
        {
          namesleft #1 >
            { ", " * t * }
            {
              "," *
              s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =
                { 't := }
                { pop$ }
              if$
              t "others" =
                {
                  " " * bbl.etal *
                }
                { " " * t * }
              if$
            }
          if$
        }
        't
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
  } if$
}
FUNCTION {format.names.ed}
{
  format.names
}
FUNCTION {format.key}
{ empty$
    { key field.or.null }
    { "" }
  if$
}

%FUNCTION {format.authors}
%{ author "author" format.names
%}

FUNCTION {format.authors}
{ author "author" format.names
    duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { collaboration "collaboration" bibinfo.check
      duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
        { " (" swap$ * ")" * }
      if$
      *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor}
{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ }

FUNCTION {format.editors}
{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      " " *
      get.bbl.editor
      capitalize
   "(" swap$ * ")" *
      *
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.note}
{
 note empty$
    { "" }
    { note #1 #1 substring$
      duplicate$ "{" =
        'skip$
        { output.state mid.sentence =
          { "l" }
          { "u" }
        if$
        change.case$
        }
      if$
      note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.title}
{ title
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { "t" change.case$ }
  if$
  "title" bibinfo.check
}

FUNCTION {format.full.names}
{'s :=
 "" 't :=
 #1 'nameptr :=
 s num.names$ 'numnames :=
 numnames 'namesleft :=
   { namesleft #0 > }
   { s nameptr
     "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
     't :=
     nameptr #1 >
       {
         namesleft #1 >
           { ", " * t * }
           {
             s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =
               { 't := }
               { pop$ }
             if$
             t "others" =
               {
                 " " * bbl.etal *
               }
               {
                 numnames #2 >
                   { "," * }
                   'skip$
                 if$
                 bbl.and
                 space.word * t *
               }
             if$
           }
         if$
       }
       't
     if$
     nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
     namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
   }
 while$
}

FUNCTION {author.editor.key.full}
{ author empty$
   { editor empty$
       { key empty$
           { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
           'key
         if$
       }
       { editor format.full.names }
     if$
   }
   { author format.full.names }
 if$
}

FUNCTION {author.key.full}
{ author empty$
   { key empty$
        { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
         'key
     if$
   }
   { author format.full.names }
 if$
}

FUNCTION {editor.key.full}
{ editor empty$
   { key empty$
        { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
         'key
     if$
   }
   { editor format.full.names }
 if$
}

FUNCTION {make.full.names}
{ type$ "book" =
 type$ "inbook" =
 or
   'author.editor.key.full
   { type$ "proceedings" =
       'editor.key.full
       'author.key.full
     if$
   }
 if$
}

FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
{ newline$
 "\bibitem[{" write$
 label write$
 ")" make.full.names duplicate$ short.list =
    { pop$ }
    { * }
  if$
 "}]{" * write$
 cite$ write$
 "}" write$
 newline$
 ""
 before.all 'output.state :=
}

FUNCTION {n.dashify}
{
  't :=
  ""
    { t empty$ not }
    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
        { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
            { "--" *
              t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
            }
            {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
                { "-" *
                  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
                }
              while$
            }
          if$
        }
        { t #1 #1 substring$ *
          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
        }
      if$
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {word.in}
{ bbl.in
  ":" *
  " " * }

FUNCTION {format.date}
{ year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
    {
      "empty year in " cite$ * "; set to ????" * warning$
       pop$ "????"
    }
    'skip$
  if$
  extra.label *
}
FUNCTION{format.year}
{ year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
    {  "empty year in " cite$ *
       "; set to ????" *
       warning$
       pop$ "????"
    }
    {
    }
  if$
  extra.label *
  " (" swap$ * ")" *
}
FUNCTION {format.btitle}
{ title "title" bibinfo.check
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {either.or.check}
{ empty$
    'pop$
    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
{ volume empty$
    { "" }
    { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.prefix
      "volume" bibinfo.check * *
      series "series" bibinfo.check
      duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
        { swap$ bbl.of space.word * swap$
          emphasize * }
      if$
      "volume and number" number either.or.check
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.number.series}
{ volume empty$
    { number empty$
        { series field.or.null }
        { series empty$
            { number "number" bibinfo.check }
        { output.state mid.sentence =
            { bbl.number }
            { bbl.number capitalize }
          if$
          number tie.or.space.prefix "number" bibinfo.check * *
          bbl.in space.word *
          series "series" bibinfo.check *
        }
      if$
    }
      if$
    }
    { "" }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.edition}
{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      output.state mid.sentence =
        { "l" }
        { "t" }
      if$ change.case$
      "edition" bibinfo.check
      " " * bbl.edition *
    }
  if$
}
INTEGERS { multiresult }
FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
{ 't :=
  #0 'multiresult :=
    { multiresult not
      t empty$ not
      and
    }
    { t #1 #1 substring$
      duplicate$ "-" =
      swap$ duplicate$ "," =
      swap$ "+" =
      or or
        { #1 'multiresult := }
        { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
      if$
    }
  while$
  multiresult
}
FUNCTION {format.pages}
{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { duplicate$ multi.page.check
        {
          bbl.pages swap$
          n.dashify
        }
        {
          bbl.page swap$
        }
      if$
      tie.or.space.prefix
      "pages" bibinfo.check
      * *
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.journal.pages}
{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
    { swap$ duplicate$ empty$
        { pop$ pop$ format.pages }
        {
          " " *
          swap$
          n.dashify
          "pages" bibinfo.check
          *
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}
{ volume field.or.null
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      "volume" bibinfo.check
    }
  if$
  format.year *
}

FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
{ chapter empty$
    { "" }
    { type empty$
        { bbl.chapter }
        { type "l" change.case$
          "type" bibinfo.check
        }
      if$
      chapter tie.or.space.prefix
      "chapter" bibinfo.check
      * *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.booktitle}
{
  booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check
}
FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
{ format.booktitle duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      editor "editor" format.names.ed duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
        {
          " " *
          get.bbl.editor
          capitalize
          "(" swap$ * "), " *
          * swap$
          * }
      if$
      word.in swap$ *
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
{ type duplicate$ empty$
    'pop$
    { swap$ pop$
      "t" change.case$ "type" bibinfo.check
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
{ number "number" bibinfo.check
  type duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ bbl.techrep }
    'skip$
  if$
  "type" bibinfo.check
  swap$ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "t" change.case$ }
    { tie.or.space.prefix * * }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}
{
  word.in
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
{ volume duplicate$ empty$
    { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
      pop$ word.in
    }
    { bbl.volume
      swap$ tie.or.space.prefix "volume" bibinfo.check * * bbl.of space.word *
    }
  if$
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
{
  word.in
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.org.or.pub}
{ 't :=
  ""
  address empty$ t empty$ and
    'skip$
    {
      t empty$
        { address "address" bibinfo.check *
        }
        { t *
          address empty$
            'skip$
            { ", " * address "address" bibinfo.check * }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.publisher.address}
{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub
}

FUNCTION {format.organization.address}
{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub
}

FUNCTION {print.url}
 {url duplicate$ empty$
   { pop$ "" }
   { new.sentence
     urlprefix "\url{" * swap$  * "}" *
   }
   if$
 }

FUNCTION {print.doi}
 {doi duplicate$ empty$
   { pop$ "" }
   { new.sentence
     doiprefix "\doi{" * swap$  * "}" *
   }
   if$
 }

FUNCTION {print.eprint}
 {eprint duplicate$ empty$
   { pop$ "" }
   { new.sentence
     duplicate$ "\href{http://arxiv.org/abs/" swap$ * "}{{\tt arXiv:" * swap$ * "}}" *
   }
   if$
 }

FUNCTION {print.pubmed}
 {pubmed duplicate$ empty$
   { pop$ "" }
   { new.sentence
     pubmedprefix "\Pubmed{" * swap$  * "}" *
   }
   if$
 }

FUNCTION {webpage}
{ "%Type = Webpage" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  author empty$
  {
    format.title "title" output.check
    new.block
    format.date "year" output.check
    date.block
  }
  {
    format.date "year" output.check
    date.block
    format.title "title" output.check
    new.block
}
  if$
  print.url output
  fin.entry
}


FUNCTION {article}
{ "%Type = Article" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  crossref missing$
    {
      journal
      "journal" bibinfo.check
      "journal" output.check
      add.blank
      format.vol.num.pages output
    }
    { format.article.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  format.journal.pages
  new.sentence
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {book}
{ "%Type = Book" write$
  output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check
      editor format.key output
    }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
        { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
  if$
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      format.edition output
      format.publisher.address output
    }
    {
      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.sentence
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {booklet}
{ "%Type = Booklet" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  author format.key output
  format.title "title" output.check
  howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.sentence
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {inbook}
{ "%Type = Inbook" write$
  output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check
      editor format.key output
    }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
        { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
  if$
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    {
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      format.edition output
      format.publisher.address output
    }
    {
      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  format.date "year" output.check
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  new.sentence
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {incollection}
{ "%Type = Incollection" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  crossref missing$
    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      format.edition output
      format.publisher.address output
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  format.date "year" output.check
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  new.sentence
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {inproceedings}
{ "%Type = Inproceedings" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  crossref missing$
    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      publisher empty$
        { format.organization.address output }
        { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
          format.publisher.address output
        }
      if$
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  format.date output
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  new.sentence
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }
FUNCTION {manual}
{ "%Type = Manual" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  author format.key output
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  format.edition output
  organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.sentence
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
{ "%Type = Masterthesis" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.btitle
  "title" output.check
  bbl.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" bibinfo.warn output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.sentence
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {misc}
{ "%Type = Misc" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  author format.key output
  format.title output
  howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.sentence
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {phdthesis}
{ "%Type = Phdthesis" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.btitle
  "title" output.check
  bbl.phdthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" bibinfo.warn output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.sentence
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {proceedings}
{ "%Type = Proceedings" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.editors output
  editor format.key output
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  format.bvolume output
  format.number.series output
  publisher empty$
    { format.organization.address output }
    { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
      format.publisher.address output
    }
  if$
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.sentence
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {techreport}
{ "%Type = Techreport" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.btitle
  "title" output.check
  format.tr.number output.nonnull
  institution "institution" bibinfo.warn output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.sentence
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {unpublished}
{ "%Type = Unpublished" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.title "title" output.check
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.sentence
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note "note" output.check
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }
READ
FUNCTION {sortify}
{ purify$
  "l" change.case$
}
INTEGERS { len }
FUNCTION {chop.word}
{ 's :=
  'len :=
  s #1 len substring$ =
    { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
    's
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.lab.names}
{ 's :=
  "" 't :=
  s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
  s num.names$ duplicate$
  #2 >
    { pop$
      " " * bbl.etal *
    }
    { #2 <
        'skip$
        { s #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
            {
              " " * bbl.etal *
            }
            { bbl.and space.word * s #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
              * }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {author.key.label}
{ author empty$
    { key empty$
        { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
        'key
      if$
    }
    { author format.lab.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label}
{ author empty$
    { editor empty$
        { key empty$
            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
            'key
          if$
        }
        { editor format.lab.names }
      if$
    }
    { author format.lab.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {editor.key.label}
{ editor empty$
    { key empty$
        { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
        'key
      if$
    }
    { editor format.lab.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {calc.short.authors}
{ type$ "book" =
  type$ "inbook" =
  or
    'author.editor.key.label
    { type$ "proceedings" =
        'editor.key.label
        'author.key.label
      if$
    }
  if$
  'short.list :=
}

FUNCTION {calc.label}
{ calc.short.authors
  short.list
  "("
  *
  year duplicate$ empty$
     { pop$ "????" }
     { purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ }
  if$
  *
  'label :=
}

FUNCTION {sort.format.names}
{ 's :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  ""
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr
      "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{  f{ }}{  jj{ }}"
      format.name$ 't :=
      nameptr #1 >
        {
          "   "  *
          namesleft #1 = t "others" = and
            { "zzzzz" * }
            { t sortify * }
          if$
        }
        { t sortify * }
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {sort.format.title}
{ 't :=
  "A " #2
    "An " #3
      "The " #4 t chop.word
    chop.word
  chop.word
  sortify
  #1 global.max$ substring$
}
FUNCTION {author.sort}
{ author empty$
    { key empty$
        { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
          ""
        }
        { key sortify }
      if$
    }
    { author sort.format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {author.editor.sort}
{ author empty$
    { editor empty$
        { key empty$
            { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
              ""
            }
            { key sortify }
          if$
        }
        { editor sort.format.names }
      if$
    }
    { author sort.format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {editor.sort}
{ editor empty$
    { key empty$
        { "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$
          ""
        }
        { key sortify }
      if$
    }
    { editor sort.format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {presort}
{ calc.label
  label sortify
  "    "
  *
  type$ "book" =
  type$ "inbook" =
  or
    'author.editor.sort
    { type$ "proceedings" =
        'editor.sort
        'author.sort
      if$
    }
  if$
  #1 entry.max$ substring$
  'sort.label :=
  sort.label
  *
  "    "
  *
  title field.or.null
  sort.format.title
  *
  #1 entry.max$ substring$
  'sort.key$ :=
}

ITERATE {presort}
%SORT
STRINGS { last.label next.extra }
INTEGERS { last.extra.num number.label }
FUNCTION {initialize.extra.label.stuff}
{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label :=
  "" 'next.extra :=
  #0 'last.extra.num :=
  #0 'number.label :=
}
FUNCTION {forward.pass}
{ last.label label =
    { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num :=
      last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label :=
    }
    { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num :=
      "" 'extra.label :=
      label 'last.label :=
    }
  if$
  number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
}
FUNCTION {reverse.pass}
{ next.extra "b" =
    { "a" 'extra.label := }
    'skip$
  if$
  extra.label 'next.extra :=
  extra.label
  duplicate$ empty$
    'skip$
    { "{\natexlab{" swap$ * "}}" * }
  if$
  'extra.label :=
  label extra.label * 'label :=
}
EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff}
ITERATE {forward.pass}
REVERSE {reverse.pass}
FUNCTION {bib.sort.order}
{ sort.label
  "    "
  *
  year field.or.null sortify
  *
  "    "
  *
  title field.or.null
  sort.format.title
  *
  #1 entry.max$ substring$
  'sort.key$ :=
}
ITERATE {bib.sort.order}
%SORT
FUNCTION {begin.bib}
{ preamble$ empty$
    'skip$
    { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
  if$
  "\begin{thebibliography}{" number.label int.to.str$ * "}" *
  write$ newline$
  "\expandafter\ifx\csname natexlab\endcsname\relax\def\natexlab#1{#1}\fi"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\url}[1]{\texttt{#1}}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\href}[2]{#2}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\path}[1]{#1}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\DOIprefix}{doi:}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\ArXivprefix}{arXiv:}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\URLprefix}{URL: }"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\Pubmedprefix}{pmid:}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\doi}[1]{\href{http://dx.doi.org/#1}{\path{#1}}}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\Pubmed}[1]{\href{pmid:#1}{\path{#1}}}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}"
  write$ newline$
	"\ifx\xfnm\relax \def\xfnm[#1]{\unskip,\space#1}\fi"
  write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {begin.bib}
EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
EXECUTE {init.web.variables} 
ITERATE {call.type$}
FUNCTION {end.bib}
{ newline$
  "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {end.bib}
%% End of customized bst file
%%
%% End of file `elsarticle-num-names.bst'.
%%
%%
%% Change log:
%% -----------
%% 22.04.2011
%%
%% 10.08.2012
%%   a. doi, url, eprint, pmid added
%%   b. Bibtype `webpage' defined
%%
%% 30.08.2012
%%   a. collaboration added.
  • elsarticle-num.bst29 KBVendored from mirrors.ctan.org on 2026-05-26.
    %%
%% This is file `elsarticle-num.bst' (Version 2.1),
%% 
%% Copyright 2007-2026 Elsevier Ltd
%% 
%% This file is part of the 'Elsarticle Bundle'.
%% ---------------------------------------------
%% 
%% It may be distributed under the conditions of the LaTeX Project Public
%% License, either version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any
%% later version.  The latest version of this license is in
%%    http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
%% version 1999/12/01 or later.
%% 
%% 
%% $Id: elsarticle-num.bst 288 2026-01-09 06:11:11Z rishi $
%% 
%% $URL: https://lenova.river-valley.com/svn/elsarticle/trunk/elsarticle-num.bst $
%%
%% ----------------------------------------

ENTRY
  { address
    author
    booktitle
    chapter
    edition
    editor
    howpublished
    institution
    journal
    key
    month
    note
    number
    organization
    pages
    publisher
    school
    series
    title
    type
    volume
    year
    eprint % urlbst
    doi % urlbst
    url % urlbst
    lastchecked % urlbst
  }
  {}
  { label }

INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }

STRINGS { urlintro eprinturl eprintprefix doiprefix doiurl openinlinelink closeinlinelink } % urlbst...
INTEGERS { hrefform inlinelinks makeinlinelink addeprints adddoiresolver }
FUNCTION {init.urlbst.variables}
{
  "Available from: " 'urlintro := % prefix before URL
  "http://arxiv.org/abs/" 'eprinturl := % prefix to make URL from eprint ref
  "arXiv:" 'eprintprefix := % text prefix printed before eprint ref
  "https://doi.org/" 'doiurl := % prefix to make URL from DOI
  "doi:" 'doiprefix :=      % text prefix printed before DOI ref
  #1 'addeprints :=         % 0=no eprints; 1=include eprints
  #1 'adddoiresolver :=     % 0=no DOI resolver; 1=include it
  #2 'hrefform :=           % 0=no crossrefs; 1=hypertex xrefs; 2=hyperref refs
  #1 'inlinelinks :=        % 0=URLs explicit; 1=URLs attached to titles
  % the following are internal state variables, not config constants
  #0 'makeinlinelink :=     % state variable managed by setup.inlinelink
  "" 'openinlinelink :=     % ditto
  "" 'closeinlinelink :=    % ditto
}
INTEGERS {
  bracket.state
  outside.brackets
  open.brackets
  within.brackets
  close.brackets
}
FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
{ #0 'outside.brackets := % urlbst
  #1 'open.brackets :=
  #2 'within.brackets :=
  #3 'close.brackets :=

  #0 'before.all :=
  #1 'mid.sentence :=
  #2 'after.sentence :=
  #3 'after.block :=
}

STRINGS { s t }

FUNCTION {output.nonnull.original}
{ 's :=
  output.state mid.sentence =
    { ", " * write$ }
    { output.state after.block =
        { add.period$ write$
          newline$
          "\newblock " write$
        }
        { output.state before.all =
            'write$
            { add.period$ " " * write$ }
          if$
        }
      if$
      mid.sentence 'output.state :=
    }
  if$
  s
}

FUNCTION {setup.inlinelink}
{ makeinlinelink
    { hrefform #1 = % hypertex
        { "\special {html:<a href=" quote$ * url * quote$ * "> }{" * 'openinlinelink :=
          "\special {html:</a>}" 'closeinlinelink :=
          }
        { hrefform #2 = % hyperref
            { "\href{" url * "}{" * 'openinlinelink :=
              "}" 'closeinlinelink :=
              }
            'skip$
          if$ % hrefform #2 =
        }
      if$ % hrefform #1 =
      #0 'makeinlinelink :=
    }
    'skip$
 if$ % makeinlinelink
}
FUNCTION {add.inlinelink}
{ openinlinelink empty$
    'skip$
    { openinlinelink swap$ * closeinlinelink *
      "" 'openinlinelink :=
      }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
{ % Save the thing we've been asked to output
  's :=
  % If the bracket-state is close.brackets, then add a close-bracket to
  % what is currently at the top of the stack, and set bracket.state
  % to outside.brackets
  bracket.state close.brackets =
    { "]" *
      outside.brackets 'bracket.state :=
    }
    'skip$
  if$
  bracket.state outside.brackets =
    { % We're outside all brackets -- this is the normal situation.
      % Write out what's currently at the top of the stack, using the
      % original output.nonnull function.
      s
      add.inlinelink
      output.nonnull.original % invoke the original output.nonnull
    }
    { % Still in brackets.  Add open-bracket or (continuation) comma, add the
      % new text (in s) to the top of the stack, and move to the close-brackets
      % state, ready for next time (unless inbrackets resets it).  If we come
      % into this branch, then output.state is carefully undisturbed.
      bracket.state open.brackets =
        { " [" * }
        { ", " * } % bracket.state will be within.brackets
      if$
      s *
      close.brackets 'bracket.state :=
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {inbrackets}
{ bracket.state close.brackets =
    { within.brackets 'bracket.state := } % reset the state: not open nor closed
    { open.brackets 'bracket.state := }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.lastchecked}
{ lastchecked empty$
    { "" }
    { inbrackets "cited " lastchecked * }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {output}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    'pop$
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}

FUNCTION {output.check}
{ 't :=
  duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}

FUNCTION {fin.entry.original}
{ add.period$
  write$
  newline$
}

FUNCTION {new.block}
{ output.state before.all =
    'skip$
    { after.block 'output.state := }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {new.sentence}
{ output.state after.block =
    'skip$
    { output.state before.all =
        'skip$
        { after.sentence 'output.state := }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {add.blank}
{  " " * before.all 'output.state :=
}

FUNCTION {date.block}
{
  add.blank
}

FUNCTION {not}
{   { #0 }
    { #1 }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {and}
{   'skip$
    { pop$ #0 }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {or}
{   { pop$ #1 }
    'skip$
  if$
}

FUNCTION {new.block.checka}
{ empty$
    'skip$
    'new.block
  if$
}

FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}
{ empty$
  swap$ empty$
  and
    'skip$
    'new.block
  if$
}

FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka}
{ empty$
    'skip$
    'new.sentence
  if$
}

FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb}
{ empty$
  swap$ empty$
  and
    'skip$
    'new.sentence
  if$
}

FUNCTION {field.or.null}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    'skip$
  if$
}

FUNCTION {emphasize}
{ skip$ }

FUNCTION {capitalize}
{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ }

FUNCTION {space.word}
{ " " swap$ * " " * }

 % Here are the language-specific definitions for explicit words.
 % Each function has a name bbl.xxx where xxx is the English word.
 % The language selected here is ENGLISH
FUNCTION {bbl.and}
{ "and"}

FUNCTION {bbl.etal}
{ "et~al." }

FUNCTION {bbl.editors}
{ "Eds." }

FUNCTION {bbl.editor}
{ "Ed." }

FUNCTION {bbl.edby}
{ "edited by" }

FUNCTION {bbl.edition}
{ "Edition" }

FUNCTION {bbl.volume}
{ "Vol." }

FUNCTION {bbl.of}
{ "of" }

FUNCTION {bbl.number}
{ "no." }

FUNCTION {bbl.nr}
{ "no." }

FUNCTION {bbl.in}
{ "in" }

FUNCTION {bbl.pages}
{ "pp." }

FUNCTION {bbl.page}
{ "p." }

FUNCTION {bbl.chapter}
{ "Ch." }

FUNCTION {bbl.techrep}
{ "Tech. Rep." }

FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis}
{ "Master's thesis" }

FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis}
{ "Ph.D. thesis" }

FUNCTION {bbl.first}
{ "1st" }

FUNCTION {bbl.second}
{ "2nd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.third}
{ "3rd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.fourth}
{ "4th" }

FUNCTION {bbl.fifth}
{ "5th" }

FUNCTION {bbl.st}
{ "st" }

FUNCTION {bbl.nd}
{ "nd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.rd}
{ "rd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.th}
{ "th" }

MACRO {jan} {"Jan."}

MACRO {feb} {"Feb."}

MACRO {mar} {"Mar."}

MACRO {apr} {"Apr."}

MACRO {may} {"May"}

MACRO {jun} {"Jun."}

MACRO {jul} {"Jul."}

MACRO {aug} {"Aug."}

MACRO {sep} {"Sep."}

MACRO {oct} {"Oct."}

MACRO {nov} {"Nov."}

MACRO {dec} {"Dec."}

FUNCTION {eng.ord}
{ duplicate$ "1" swap$ *
  #-2 #1 substring$ "1" =
     { bbl.th * }
     { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$
       duplicate$ "1" =
         { pop$ bbl.st * }
         { duplicate$ "2" =
             { pop$ bbl.nd * }
             { "3" =
                 { bbl.rd * }
                 { bbl.th * }
               if$
             }
           if$
          }
       if$
     }
   if$
}

MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surv."}

MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."}

MACRO {cacm} {"Commun. ACM"}

MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."}

MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."}

MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."}

MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."}

MACRO {ieeetcad}
 {"IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integrated Circuits"}

MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."}

MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"}

MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. Syst. Sci."}

MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Programming"}

MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."}

MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."}

MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."}

MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Gr."}

MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."}

MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."}

MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Prog. Lang. Syst."}

MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Comput. Sci."}

FUNCTION {write.url}
{ url empty$
    { skip$ }
    { "\newline\urlprefix\url{" url * "}" * write$ newline$ }
  if$
}

INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }

FUNCTION {format.names}
{ 's :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr
      "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$
    't :=
      nameptr #1 >
        {
          namesleft #1 >
            { ", " * t * }
            {
              "," *
              s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =
                { 't := }
                { pop$ }
              if$
              t "others" =
                {
                  " " * bbl.etal *
                }
                { " " * t * }
              if$
            }
          if$
        }
        't
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
}
FUNCTION {format.names.ed}
{ format.names }
FUNCTION {format.authors}
{ author empty$
    { "" }
    { author format.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.editors}
{ editor empty$
    { "" }
    { editor format.names
      editor num.names$ #1 >
        { " (" * bbl.editors * ")" * }
        { " (" * bbl.editor * ")" * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.in.editors}
{ editor empty$
    { "" }
    { editor format.names.ed
      editor num.names$ #1 >
        { " (" * bbl.editors * ")" * }
        { " (" * bbl.editor * ")" * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.note}
{
 note empty$
    { "" }
    { note #1 #1 substring$
      duplicate$ "{" =
        'skip$
        { output.state mid.sentence =
          { "l" }
          { "u" }
        if$
        change.case$
        }
      if$
      note #2 global.max$ substring$ *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.title}
{ title empty$
    { "" }
    { title "t" change.case$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {output.bibitem.original}
{ newline$
  "\bibitem{" write$
  cite$ write$
  "}" write$
  newline$
  ""
  before.all 'output.state :=
}

FUNCTION {n.dashify}
{
  't :=
  ""
    { t empty$ not }
    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
        { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
            { "--" *
              t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
            }
            {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
                { "-" *
                  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
                }
              while$
            }
          if$
        }
        { t #1 #1 substring$ *
          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
        }
      if$
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {word.in}
{ bbl.in
  ":" *
  " " * }

FUNCTION {format.date}
{ year empty$
    { month empty$
        { "" }
        { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$
          month
        }
      if$
    }
    { month empty$
        'year
        { month " " * year * }
      if$
    }
  if$
  duplicate$ empty$
    'skip$
    {
      before.all 'output.state :=
    " (" swap$ * ")" *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION{format.year}
{ year duplicate$ empty$
    { "empty year in " cite$ * warning$ pop$ "" }
    { "(" swap$ * ")" * }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.btitle}
{ title
}

FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}
{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
    { "~" }
    { " " }
  if$
  swap$ * *
}

FUNCTION {either.or.check}
{ empty$
    'pop$
    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
{ volume empty$
    { "" }
    { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.connect
      series empty$
        'skip$
        { bbl.of space.word * series emphasize * }
      if$
      "volume and number" number either.or.check
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.number.series}
{ volume empty$
    { number empty$
        { series field.or.null }
        { output.state mid.sentence =
            { bbl.number }
            { bbl.number capitalize }
          if$
          number tie.or.space.connect
          series empty$
            { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }
            { bbl.in space.word * series * }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
    { "" }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {is.num}
{ chr.to.int$
  duplicate$ "0" chr.to.int$ < not
  swap$ "9" chr.to.int$ > not and
}

FUNCTION {extract.num}
{ duplicate$ 't :=
  "" 's :=
  { t empty$ not }
  { t #1 #1 substring$
    t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
    duplicate$ is.num
      { s swap$ * 's := }
      { pop$ "" 't := }
    if$
  }
  while$
  s empty$
    'skip$
    { pop$ s }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {convert.edition}
{ edition extract.num "l" change.case$ 's :=
  s "first" = s "1" = or
    { bbl.first 't := }
    { s "second" = s "2" = or
        { bbl.second 't := }
        { s "third" = s "3" = or
            { bbl.third 't := }
            { s "fourth" = s "4" = or
                { bbl.fourth 't := }
                { s "fifth" = s "5" = or
                    { bbl.fifth 't := }
                    { s #1 #1 substring$ is.num
                        { s eng.ord 't := }
                        { edition 't := }
                      if$
                    }
                  if$
                }
              if$
            }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
  t
}

FUNCTION {format.edition}
{ edition empty$
    { "" }
    { output.state mid.sentence =
        { convert.edition "l" change.case$ " " * bbl.edition * }
        { convert.edition "t" change.case$ " " * bbl.edition * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

INTEGERS { multiresult }

FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
{ 't :=
  #0 'multiresult :=
    { multiresult not
      t empty$ not
      and
    }
    { t #1 #1 substring$
      duplicate$ "-" =
      swap$ duplicate$ "," =
      swap$ "+" =
      or or
        { #1 'multiresult := }
        { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
      if$
    }
  while$
  multiresult
}

FUNCTION {format.pages}
{ pages empty$
    { "" }
    { pages multi.page.check
        { bbl.pages pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect }
        { bbl.page pages tie.or.space.connect }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.journal.pages}
{ pages empty$
    'skip$
    { duplicate$ empty$
        { pop$ format.pages }
        {
          " " *
          format.year * " " *
          pages n.dashify *
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}
{
  % volume field.or.null
  " "
  volume empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    { volume * }
  if$
  number empty$
    'skip$
    {
      "~(" number * ")" * *
      volume empty$
        { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
{ chapter empty$
    { "" }
    { type empty$
        { bbl.chapter }
        { type "l" change.case$ }
      if$
      chapter tie.or.space.connect
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
{ booktitle empty$
    { "" }
    { editor empty$
        { word.in booktitle * }
        { word.in format.in.editors * ", " *
          booktitle * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {empty.misc.check}
{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
  month empty$ year empty$ note empty$
  and and and and and
    { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
    'skip$
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
{ type empty$
    'skip$
    { pop$
      type "t" change.case$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
{ type empty$
    { bbl.techrep }
    'type
  if$
  number empty$
    { "t" change.case$ }
    { number tie.or.space.connect }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}
{
  key empty$
    { journal empty$
        { "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref *
          warning$
          ""
        }
        { word.in journal emphasize * }
      if$
    }
    { word.in key * " " *}
  if$
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}

FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}
{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
  editor num.names$ duplicate$
  #2 >
    { pop$
      " " * bbl.etal *
    }
    { #2 <
        'skip$
        { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
            {
              " " * bbl.etal *
            }
            { bbl.and space.word * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
              * }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
{ volume empty$
    { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
      word.in
    }
    { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.connect
      bbl.of space.word *
    }
  if$
  editor empty$
  editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
  or
    { key empty$
        { series empty$
            { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
              crossref * warning$
              "" *
            }
            { series emphasize * }
          if$
        }
        { key * }
      if$
    }
    { format.crossref.editor * }
  if$
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}

FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
{
  editor empty$
  editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
  or
    { key empty$
        { booktitle empty$
            { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
              crossref * warning$
              ""
            }
            { word.in booktitle * }
          if$
        }
        { word.in key * " " *}
      if$
    }
    { word.in format.crossref.editor * " " *}
  if$
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}

FUNCTION {format.org.or.pub}
{ 't :=
  ""
  year empty$
    { "empty year in " cite$ * warning$ }
    'skip$
  if$
  address empty$ t empty$ and
  year empty$ and
    'skip$
    {
      t empty$
        { address empty$
          'skip$
          { address * }
          if$
        }
        { t *
          address empty$
            'skip$
            { ", " * address * }
          if$
        }
      if$
      year empty$
        'skip$
        { t empty$ address empty$ and
            'skip$
            { ", " * }
          if$
          year *
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.publisher.address}
{ publisher empty$
    { "empty publisher in " cite$ * warning$
      ""
    }
    { publisher }
  if$
  format.org.or.pub
}

FUNCTION {format.organization.address}
{ organization empty$
    { "" }
    { organization }
  if$
  format.org.or.pub
}

FUNCTION {make.href.null}
{
  pop$
}
FUNCTION {make.href.hypertex}
{
  "\special {html:<a href=" quote$ *
  swap$ * quote$ * "> }" * swap$ *
  "\special {html:</a>}" *
}
FUNCTION {make.href.hyperref}
{
  "\href {" swap$ * "} {\path{" * swap$ * "}}" *
}
FUNCTION {make.href}
{ hrefform #2 =
    'make.href.hyperref      % hrefform = 2
    { hrefform #1 =
        'make.href.hypertex  % hrefform = 1
        'make.href.null      % hrefform = 0 (or anything else)
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.url}
{ inlinelinks #1 = url empty$ or
   { "" }
   { hrefform #1 =
       { % special case -- add HyperTeX specials
         urlintro "\url{" url * "}" * url make.href.hypertex * }
       { urlintro "\url{" * url * "}" * }
     if$
   }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.eprint}
{ eprint empty$
    { "" }
    { eprintprefix eprint * eprinturl eprint * make.href }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.doi}
{ doi empty$
    { "" }
    { doiprefix doi * doiurl doi * make.href }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {output.url}
{ url empty$
    'skip$
    { new.block
      format.url output
      format.lastchecked output
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {output.web.refs}
{
  new.block
  output.url
  addeprints eprint empty$ not and
    { format.eprint output.nonnull }
    'skip$
  if$
  adddoiresolver doi empty$ not and
    { format.doi output.nonnull }
    'skip$
  if$
}

FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
{ outside.brackets 'bracket.state :=
  output.bibitem.original
  inlinelinks url empty$ not and
    { #1 'makeinlinelink := }
    { #0 'makeinlinelink := }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {fin.entry}
{ output.web.refs  % urlbst
  makeinlinelink       % ooops, it appears we didn't have a title for inlinelink
    { setup.inlinelink % add some artificial link text here, as a fallback
      "[link]" output.nonnull }
    'skip$
  if$
  bracket.state close.brackets = % urlbst
    { "]" * }
    'skip$
  if$
  fin.entry.original
}

FUNCTION {webpage}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { editor empty$
        'skip$  % author and editor both optional
        { format.editors output.nonnull }
      if$
    }
    { editor empty$
        { format.authors output.nonnull }
        { "can't use both author and editor fields in " cite$ * warning$ }
      if$
    }
  if$
  new.block
  title empty$ 'skip$ 'setup.inlinelink if$
  format.title "title" output.check
  inbrackets "online" output
  new.block
  year empty$
    'skip$
    { format.date "year" output.check }
  if$
  % We don't need to output the URL details ('lastchecked' and 'url'),
  % because fin.entry does that for us, using output.web.refs.  The only
  % reason we would want to put them here is if we were to decide that
  % they should go in front of the rather miscellaneous information in 'note'.
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {article}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  title empty$ 'skip$ 'setup.inlinelink if$ % urlbst
  format.title "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { journal
      "journal" output.check
      % add.blank
  before.all 'output.state :=
      format.vol.num.pages output
    }
    { format.article.crossref output.nonnull
      format.pages output
    }
  if$
  format.journal.pages
  format.note output
  pages empty$  
	  { format.date "year" output.check }
    'skip$ 
  if$
  fin.entry
  write.url
}

FUNCTION {book}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check
    }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
        { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
  if$
  title empty$ 'skip$ 'setup.inlinelink if$ % urlbst
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.edition output
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      format.publisher.address output
    }
    {
      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  format.note output
  fin.entry
  write.url
}

FUNCTION {booklet}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  title empty$ 'skip$ 'setup.inlinelink if$ % urlbst
  format.title "title" output.check
  howpublished output
  address output
  format.note output
  format.date "year" output.check
  fin.entry
  write.url
}

FUNCTION {inbook}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check
    }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
        { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
  if$
  title empty$ 'skip$ 'setup.inlinelink if$ % urlbst
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    {
      format.edition output
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      format.publisher.address output
      format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
    }
    {
      format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  format.note output
  fin.entry
  write.url
}

FUNCTION {incollection}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  title empty$ 'skip$ 'setup.inlinelink if$ % urlbst
  format.title "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
      format.edition output
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      format.publisher.address output
      format.chapter.pages output
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
      format.chapter.pages output
    }
  if$
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  format.note output
  fin.entry
  write.url
}

FUNCTION {inproceedings}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  title empty$ 'skip$ 'setup.inlinelink if$ % urlbst
  format.title "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
      format.edition output
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      publisher empty$
        { format.organization.address output }
        { organization output
          format.publisher.address output
        }
      if$
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  format.note output
  fin.entry
  write.url
}

FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }

FUNCTION {manual}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { organization empty$
        'skip$
        { organization output.nonnull
          address output
        }
      if$
    }
    { format.authors output.nonnull }
  if$
  title empty$ 'skip$ 'setup.inlinelink if$ % urlbst
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  author empty$
    { organization empty$
    {
          address output
        }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
    {
      organization output
      address output
    }
  if$
  format.edition output
  format.note output
  format.date "year" output.check
  fin.entry
  write.url
}

FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  title empty$ 'skip$ 'setup.inlinelink if$ % urlbst
  format.title "title" output.check
  bbl.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" output.check
  address output
  format.note output
  format.date "year" output.check
  fin.entry
  write.url
}

FUNCTION {misc}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  title empty$ 'skip$ 'setup.inlinelink if$ % urlbst
  format.title output
  howpublished output
  format.note output
  format.date "year" output.check
  fin.entry
  write.url
  empty.misc.check
}

FUNCTION {phdthesis}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  title empty$ 'skip$ 'setup.inlinelink if$ % urlbst
  format.title "title" output.check
  bbl.phdthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" output.check
  address output
  format.note output
  format.date "year" output.check
  fin.entry
  write.url
}

FUNCTION {proceedings}
{ output.bibitem
  editor empty$
    { organization output }
    { format.editors output.nonnull }
  if$
  title empty$ 'skip$ 'setup.inlinelink if$ % urlbst
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  format.bvolume output
  format.number.series output
  editor empty$
    { publisher empty$
        'skip$
        {
          format.publisher.address output
        }
      if$
    }
    { publisher empty$
        {
          format.organization.address output }
        {
          organization output
          format.publisher.address output
        }
      if$
     }
  if$
  format.note output
  fin.entry
  write.url
}

FUNCTION {techreport}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  title empty$ 'skip$ 'setup.inlinelink if$ % urlbst
  format.title "title" output.check
  format.tr.number output.nonnull
  institution "institution" output.check
  address output
  format.note output
  format.date "year" output.check
  fin.entry
  write.url
}

FUNCTION {unpublished}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  title empty$ 'skip$ 'setup.inlinelink if$ % urlbst
  format.title "title" output.check
  format.note "note" output.check
  format.date "year" output.check
  fin.entry
  write.url
}

FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }

READ

STRINGS { longest.label }

INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width }

FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
{ "" 'longest.label :=
  #1 'number.label :=
  #0 'longest.label.width :=
}

FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}
{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label :=
  number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
  label width$ longest.label.width >
    { label 'longest.label :=
      label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
    }
    'skip$
  if$
}

EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}

ITERATE {longest.label.pass}

FUNCTION {begin.bib}
{ preamble$ empty$
    'skip$
    { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
  if$
  "\begin{thebibliography}{"  longest.label  * "}" *
  write$ newline$
  "\expandafter\ifx\csname url\endcsname\relax"
  write$ newline$
  "  \def\url#1{\texttt{#1}}\fi"
  write$ newline$
  "\expandafter\ifx\csname urlprefix\endcsname\relax\def\urlprefix{URL }\fi"
  write$ newline$
  "\expandafter\ifx\csname href\endcsname\relax"
  write$ newline$
  "  \def\href#1#2{#2} \def\path#1{#1}\fi"
  write$ newline$
}

EXECUTE {begin.bib}

EXECUTE {init.urlbst.variables}
EXECUTE {init.state.consts}

ITERATE {call.type$}

FUNCTION {end.bib}
{ newline$
  "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
}

EXECUTE {end.bib}
%% End of customized bst file
%%
%% End of file `elsarticle-num.bst'.
  • elsarticle.cls44 KBVendored from mirrors.ctan.org on 2026-05-26.
    %%
%% This is file `elsarticle.cls',
%% generated with the docstrip utility.
%%
%% The original source files were:
%%
%% elsarticle.dtx  (with options: `class')
%% 
%% Copyright 2007-2026 Elsevier Ltd
%% 
%% This file is part of the 'Elsarticle Bundle'.
%% -------------------------------------------
%% 
%% It may be distributed under the conditions of the LaTeX Project Public
%% License, either version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any
%% later version.  The latest version of this license is in
%%    http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
%% version 1999/12/01 or later.
%% 
%% The list of all files belonging to the 'Elsarticle Bundle' is
%% given in the file `manifest.txt'.
%% 

%%
%%
%%
 \def\RCSfile{elsarticle}%
 \def\RCSversion{3.5}%
 \def\RCSdate{2026/01/09}%
 \def\@shortjnl{\relax}
 \def\@journal{Elsevier Ltd}
 \def\@company{Elsevier Ltd}
 \def\@issn{000-0000}
 \def\@shortjid{elsarticle}
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01]
\ProvidesClass{\@shortjid}[\RCSdate, \RCSversion: \@journal]
\def\ABD{\AtBeginDocument}
\newif\ifpreprint \preprintfalse
\newif\ifnonatbib \nonatbibfalse
\newif\iflongmktitle \longmktitlefalse
\newif\ifnopreprintline \nopreprintlinefalse
\newif\ifdoubleblind \doubleblindfalse

\newif\ifuseexplthreefunctions \useexplthreefunctionsfalse

\RequirePackage[T1]{fontenc}

\IfFileExists{expl3.sty}{%
  \global\useexplthreefunctionstrue%
  \RequirePackage{expl3}}{}
\ifuseexplthreefunctions\relax%
\IfFileExists{xparse.sty}{\RequirePackage{xparse}}{}
\IfFileExists{etoolbox.sty}{\RequirePackage{etoolbox}}{}
\fi

\def\@blstr{1}
\newdimen\@bls
\@bls=\baselineskip

\def\@finalWarning{%
  *****************************************************\MessageBreak
   This document is typeset in the CRC style which\MessageBreak
   is not suitable for submission.\MessageBreak
   \MessageBreak
   Please typeset again using 'preprint' option\MessageBreak
   for creating PDF suitable for submission.\MessageBreak
  ******************************************************\MessageBreak
}

\DeclareOption{preprint}{\global\preprinttrue
  \gdef\@blstr{1}\xdef\jtype{0}%
   \AtBeginDocument{\@twosidefalse\@mparswitchfalse}}
\DeclareOption{nopreprintline}{\global\nopreprintlinetrue}
\DeclareOption{final}{\gdef\@blstr{1}\global\preprintfalse}
\DeclareOption{review}{\global\preprinttrue\gdef\@blstr{1.5}}
\DeclareOption{authoryear}{\xdef\@biboptions{round,authoryear}}
\DeclareOption{number}{\xdef\@biboptions{numbers}}
\DeclareOption{numbers}{\xdef\@biboptions{numbers}}
\DeclareOption{nonatbib}{\global\nonatbibtrue}
\DeclareOption{longtitle}{\global\longmktitletrue}
\DeclareOption{5p}{\xdef\jtype{5}\global\preprintfalse
  \ExecuteOptions{twocolumn}}
  \def\jtype{0}
\DeclareOption{3p}{\xdef\jtype{3}\global\preprintfalse}
\DeclareOption{1p}{\xdef\jtype{1}\global\preprintfalse
  \AtBeginDocument{\@twocolumnfalse}}
\DeclareOption{times}{\IfFileExists{txfonts.sty}%
  {\AtEndOfClass{\RequirePackage{txfonts}%
  \gdef\ttdefault{cmtt}%
  \let\iint\relax
  \let\iiint\relax
  \let\iiiint\relax
  \let\idotsint\relax
  \let\openbox\relax}}{\AtEndOfClass{\RequirePackage{times}}}}

\DeclareOption{endfloat}{\IfFileExists{endfloat.sty}
   {\AtEndOfClass{\RequirePackage[markers]{endfloat}}}{}}
\DeclareOption{endfloats}{\IfFileExists{endfloat.sty}
   {\AtEndOfClass{\RequirePackage[markers]{endfloat}}}{}}
\DeclareOption{numafflabel}
   {\AtBeginDocument{\def\theaffn{\arabic{affn}}}} %*%
\DeclareOption{lefttitle}
   {\AtBeginDocument{\def\elsarticletitlealign{flushleft}}} %*%
\DeclareOption{centertitle}
   {\AtBeginDocument{\def\elsarticletitlealign{center}}} %*%
\DeclareOption{reversenotenum}
   {\AtBeginDocument{\def\theaffn{\arabic{affn}}
    \def\thefnote{\alph{fnote}}}}
\DeclareOption{doubleblind}{\doubleblindtrue}

\ExecuteOptions{a4paper,10pt,oneside,onecolumn,number,preprint,centertitle}
\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}
\ProcessOptions
\LoadClass{article}
\RequirePackage{graphicx}
\let\comma\@empty
\let\tnotesep\@empty
\let\@title\@empty

\def\useelstitle{}

\def\title#1{\g@addto@macro\@title{#1%
       \global\let\tnoteref\@gobble}%
       \g@addto@macro\useelstitle{#1}}

\def\elsLabel#1{\@bsphack\protected@write\@auxout{}%
         {\string\Newlabel{#1}{\@currentlabel}}\@esphack}
\def\Newlabel#1#2{\expandafter\xdef\csname X@#1\endcsname{#2}}

\def\elsRef#1{\@ifundefined{X@#1}{0}{\csname X@#1\endcsname}}

\let\@tnotemark\@empty

\ifdoubleblind
  \def\tnotemark[#1]{}
\else
  \def\tnotemark[#1]{\@for\mytmark:=#1\do{%
        \expandafter\ifcase\elsRef{\mytmark}\or$^{\star}$\or
       $^{,\star\star}$\fi
    }%
}
\fi

\def\tnoteref#1{\tnotemark[{#1}]}
\let\@tnotes\@empty
\newcounter{tnote}
\def\tnotetext[#1]#2{\g@addto@macro\@tnotes{%
  \stepcounter{tnote}\elsLabel{#1}%
    \def\thefootnote{\ifcase\c@tnote\or$\star$\or$\star\star$\fi}%
    \footnotetext{#2}}}

\let\@nonumnotes\@empty
\def\nonumnote#1{\g@addto@macro\@nonumnotes{%
     \let\thefootnote\relax\footnotetext{#1}}}

\newcounter{fnote}
\def\thefnote{\arabic{fnote}}
\def\fnmark[#1]{\let\comma\@empty
    \def\@fnmark{\@for\@@fnmark:=#1\do{%
    \edef\fnotenum{\@ifundefined{X@\@@fnmark}{1}{\elsRef{\@@fnmark}}}%
  \unskip\comma\fnotenum\let\comma,}}%
}

\def\fnref#1{\fnmark[#1]}

\let\@fnotes\@empty\let\@fnmark\@empty
\def\fntext[#1]#2{\g@addto@macro\@fnotes{%
   \refstepcounter{fnote}\elsLabel{#1}%
   \def\thefootnote{\thefnote}%
   \global\setcounter{footnote}{\c@fnote}%
   \footnotetext{#2}}}

\def\cormark[#1]{\edef\cnotenum{\elsRef{#1}}%
    \unskip\textsuperscript{\sep\ifcase\cnotenum\or
       $\ast$\or$\ast\ast$\fi\hspace{-1pt}}\let\sep=,}

\let\@cormark\@empty
\let\@cornotes\@empty
\newcounter{cnote}
\def\cortext[#1]#2{\g@addto@macro\@cornotes{%
    \refstepcounter{cnote}\elsLabel{#1}%
    \def\thefootnote{\ifcase\thecnote\or$\ast$\or
    $\ast\ast$\fi}%
    \footnotetext{#2}}}

\let\@corref\@empty
\def\corref#1{\edef\cnotenum{\elsRef{#1}}%
    \edef\@corref{\ifcase\cnotenum\or
         $\ast$\or$\ast\ast$\fi\hskip-1pt}}

\def\resetTitleCounters{\c@cnote=0
   \c@fnote=0 \c@tnote=0 \c@footnote=0}

\let\eadsep\@empty
\def\@elseads{}
\let\@elsuads\@empty
\let\@cormark\@empty
\def\hashchar{\expandafter\@gobble\string\~}
\def\underscorechar{\expandafter\@gobble\string\_}
\def\lbracechar{\expandafter\@gobble\string\{}
\def\rbracechar{\expandafter\@gobble\string\}}

\gdef\ead{\@ifnextchar[{\@uad}{\@ead}}
\gdef\@ead#1{\bgroup
   \def\_{\underscorechar}%
   \def\{{\lbracechar}%
   \def~{\hashchar}%
   \def\}{\rbracechar}%
   \edef\tmp{\the\@eadauthor}%
   \immediate\write\@auxout{\string\emailauthor
     {#1}{\expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\tmp}}%
   \egroup
}
\newcounter{ead}
\gdef\emailauthor#1#2{\stepcounter{ead}%
     \g@addto@macro\@elseads{\raggedright%
      \let\corref\@gobble\def\@@tmp{#1}%
      \eadsep{\ttfamily\expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@@tmp}
      (#2)\def\eadsep{\unskip,\space}}%
}
\gdef\@uad[#1]#2{\bgroup
   \def~{\hashchar}%
   \def\_{\underscorechar}%
   \def~{\hashchar}%
   \def\}{\rbracechar}%
   \edef\tmp{\the\@eadauthor}
   \immediate\write\@auxout{\string\urlauthor
     {#2}{\expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\tmp}}%
  \egroup
}
\gdef\urlauthor#1#2{\g@addto@macro\@elsuads{\let\corref\@gobble%
     \def\@@tmp{#1}\raggedright\eadsep
     {\ttfamily\expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@@tmp}\space(#2)%
     \def\eadsep{\unskip,\space}}%
}

\def\elsauthors{}
\def\useauthors{}
\def\elsprelimauthors{}

\def\pprinttitle{}
\let\authorsep\@empty
\let\prelimauthorsep\@empty
\let\sep\@empty
\newcounter{elsarticle@author}
\def\author{\@ifnextchar[{\@@author}{\@author}}

\newtoks\@eadauthor
\def\@@author[#1]#2{%
    \g@addto@macro\elsprelimauthors{%
     \prelimauthorsep#2%
     \def\prelimauthorsep{\unskip,\space}}%
    \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{%
    \def\baselinestretch{1}%
    \authorsep#2\unskip\textsuperscript{%#1%
      \@for\@@affmark:=#1\do{%
       \edef\affnum{\@ifundefined{X@\@@affmark}{1}{\elsRef{\@@affmark}}}%
     \unskip\sep\affnum\let\sep=,}%
      \ifx\@fnmark\@empty\else\unskip\sep\@fnmark\let\sep=,\fi
      \ifx\@corref\@empty\else\unskip\sep\@corref\let\sep=,\fi
      }%
    \def\authorsep{\unskip,\space}%
    \global\let\sep\@empty\global\let\@corref\@empty
    \global\let\@fnmark\@empty}%
    \@eadauthor={#2}%
    \g@addto@macro\useauthors{#2; }%
}

\def\@author#1{%
    \g@addto@macro\elsprelimauthors{%
     \prelimauthorsep#1%
     \def\prelimauthorsep{\unskip,\space}}%
    \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{\normalsize%
    \def\baselinestretch{1}%
    \upshape\authorsep#1\unskip\textsuperscript{%
      \ifx\@fnmark\@empty\else\unskip\sep\@fnmark\let\sep=,\fi
      \ifx\@corref\@empty\else\unskip\sep\@corref\let\sep=,\fi
      }%
    \def\authorsep{\unskip,\space}%
    \global\let\@fnmark\@empty
    \global\let\@corref\@empty    \global\let\sep\@empty}%
    \@eadauthor={#1}%
    \g@addto@macro\useauthors{#1; }%
}

\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackageloaded{hyperref}{%
    \expandafter\gdef\csname Hy@title\endcsname{\useelstitle}%
    \expandafter\gdef\csname Hy@author\endcsname{\useauthors}%
   }{}
}

\def\elsaddress{}
\def\addsep{\par\vskip6pt}

\def\@alph#1{%
  \ifcase#1\or a\or b\or c\or d\or e\or f\or g\or h\or i\or j\or k\or
  l\or m\or n\or o\or p\or q\or r\or s\or t\or u\or v\or w\or x\or
  y\or z%
  \or aa\or ab\or ac\or ad\or ae\or af\or ag\or ah\or ai\or aj\or
  ak\or al\or am\or an\or ao\or ap\or aq\or ar\or as\or at\or au\or
  av\or aw\or ax\or ay\or az%
  \or ba\or bb\or bc\or bd\or be\or bf\or bg\or bh\or bi\or bj\or
  bk\or bl\or bm\or bn\or bo\or bp\or bq\or br\or bs\or bt\or bu\or
  bv\or bw\or bx\or by\or bz%
  \or ca\or cb\or cc\or cd\or ce\or cf\or cg\or ch\or ci\or cj\or
  ck\or cl\or cm\or cn\or co\or cp\or cq\or cr\or cs\or ct\or cu\or
  cv\or cw\or cx\or cy\or cz%
  \or da\or db\or dc\or dd\or de\or df\or dg\or dh\or di\or dj\or
  dk\or dl\or dm\or dn\or do\or dp\or dq\or dr\or ds\or dt\or du\or
  dv\or dw\or dx\or dy\or dz%
  \or ea\or eb\or ec\or ed\or ee\or ef\or eg\or eh\or ei\or ej\or
  ek\or el\or em\or en\or eo\or ep\or eq\or er\or es\or et\or eu\or
  ev\or ew\or ex\or ey\or ez%
  \or fa\or fb\or fc\or fd\or fe\or ff\or fg\or fh\or fi\or fj\or
  fk\or fl\or fm\or fn\or fo\or fp\or fq\or fr\or fs\or ft\or fu\or
  fv\or fw\or fx\or fy\or fz%
  \or ga\or gb\or gc\or gd\or ge\or gf\or gg\or gh\or gi\or gj\or
  gk\or gl\or gm\or gn\or go\or gp\or gq\or gr\or gs\or gt\or gu\or
  gv\or gw\or gx\or gy\or gz%
  \else\@ctrerr\fi}

\newcounter{affn}
\renewcommand\theaffn{\alph{affn}}

\ifuseexplthreefunctions\relax%
  \ExplSyntaxOn
  \def\ca_affitem_postskip{\mbox{~}\unskip\ignorespaces}
  %%Author Address
  \DeclareDocumentCommand \ca_organization { O{,} m }
    {
  %    #2 #1\mbox{~}\unskip\ignorespaces
      \csgappto { ca_affiliation_values } { #2 #1\ca_affitem_postskip }
    }
  \DeclareDocumentCommand \ca_postal_code { O{,} m }
    {
  %    #2 #1\mbox{~}\unskip\ignorespaces
      \csgappto { ca_affiliation_values } { #2 #1\ca_affitem_postskip }
    }
  \DeclareDocumentCommand \ca_aff_city { O{,}  m }
    {
  %    #2 #1\mbox{~}\unskip\ignorespaces
      \csgappto { ca_affiliation_values } { #2 #1\ca_affitem_postskip }
    }
  \DeclareDocumentCommand \ca_address_line { O{,}m }
    {
  %    #2 #1\mbox{~}\unskip\ignorespaces
      \csgappto { ca_affiliation_values } { #2 #1\ca_affitem_postskip }
    }
  \DeclareDocumentCommand \ca_state { O{,} m }
    {
  %    #2 #1\mbox{~}\unskip\ignorespaces
      \csgappto { ca_affiliation_values } { #2 #1\ca_affitem_postskip }
    }
  \DeclareDocumentCommand \ca_country { O{ } m }
    {
  %    #2 #1
      \csgappto { ca_affiliation_values } { #2 #1 }
    }

  \DeclareDocumentCommand \ca_stm_organization { O{,} m }
    {
      #2 #1\ca_affitem_postskip
    }
  \DeclareDocumentCommand \ca_stm_postal_code { O{,} m }
    {
      #2 #1\ca_affitem_postskip
    }
  \DeclareDocumentCommand \ca_stm_aff_city { O{,}  m }
    {
      #2 #1\ca_affitem_postskip
    }
  \DeclareDocumentCommand \ca_stm_aff_address_line { O{,}m }
    {
      #2 #1\ca_affitem_postskip
    }
  \DeclareDocumentCommand \ca_stm_state { O{,} m }
    {
      #2 #1\ca_affitem_postskip
    }
  \DeclareDocumentCommand \ca_stm_country { O{ } m }
    {
      #2 #1
    }

  \keys_define:nn { stm / affiliation }
    {
      op   .tl_set_x:N   = \l_organization_punc_tl,
      oraganizationsep   .tl_set_x:N   = \l_organization_punc_tl,
      oraganisationsep   .tl_set_x:N   = \l_organization_punc_tl,
      ap   .tl_set_x:N   = \l_address_line_punc_tl,
      addresslinesep   .tl_set_x:N   = \l_address_line_punc_tl,
      cp   .tl_set_x:N   = \l_city_punc_tl,
      citysep   .tl_set_x:N   = \l_city_punc_tl,
      pp   .tl_set_x:N   = \l_postal_code_punc_tl,
      postcodesep   .tl_set_x:N   = \l_postal_code_punc_tl,
      sp   .tl_set_x:N   = \l_state_punc_tl,
      statesep   .tl_set_x:N   = \l_state_punc_tl,
      o    .code:n       = { \ca_organization[\l_organization_punc_tl]{#1} },
      organization    .code:n       = { \ca_organization[\l_organization_punc_tl]{#1} },
      organisation    .code:n       = { \ca_organization[\l_organization_punc_tl]{#1} },
      a    .code:n       = { \ca_address_line[\l_address_line_punc_tl]{#1} },
      addressline    .code:n       = { \ca_address_line[\l_address_line_punc_tl]{#1} },
      c    .code:n       = { \ca_aff_city[\l_city_punc_tl]{#1} },
      city .code:n       = { \ca_aff_city[\l_city_punc_tl]{#1} },
      p    .code:n       = { \ca_postal_code[\l_postal_code_punc_tl]{#1} },
      postcode    .code:n       = { \ca_postal_code[\l_postal_code_punc_tl]{#1} },
      s    .code:n       = { \ca_state[\l_state_punc_tl]{#1} },
      state    .code:n       = { \ca_state[\l_state_punc_tl]{#1} },
      orp  .tl_set_x:N   = \l_organization_punc_tl,
      adp  .tl_set_x:N   = \l_address_line_punc_tl,
      cip  .tl_set_x:N   = \l_city_punc_tl,
      pcp  .tl_set_x:N   = \l_postal_code_punc_tl,
      stp  .tl_set_x:N   = \l_state_punc_tl,
      cyp  .tl_set_x:N   = \l_country_punc_tl,
      or   .code:n       = { \ca_organization[\l_organization_punc_tl]{#1} },
      ad   .code:n       = { \ca_address_line[\l_address_line_punc_tl]{#1} },
      ci   .code:n       = { \ca_aff_city[\l_city_punc_tl]{#1} },
      pc   .code:n       = { \ca_postal_code[\l_postal_code_punc_tl]{#1} },
      st   .code:n       = { \ca_state[\l_state_punc_tl]{#1} },
      cy   .code:n       = { \ca_country[\l_country_punc_tl]{#1} },
      country   .code:n  = { \ca_country[\l_country_punc_tl]{#1} },
      unknown   .code:n  = {
                             \ifstrempty { #1 } {
                                  \csxappto { ca_affiliation_values }
                                       { {\l_keys_key_tl}~ }
                                } {
                                  \csxappto { ca_affiliation_values }
                                       { {#1}~ }
                                }
                           }
    }

  \cs_set:Npn \__reset_affiliation:
  {
    \tl_gset:Nn \l_organization_punc_tl { , }
    \tl_gset:Nn \l_address_line_punc_tl { , }
    \tl_gset:Nn \l_city_punc_tl { , }
    \tl_gset:Nn \l_postal_code_punc_tl { , }
    \tl_gset:Nn \l_state_punc_tl { , }
    \tl_gset:Nn \l_country_punc_tl { }
  }

  \DeclareDocumentCommand\affiliation{ o m }{
    \__reset_affiliation:
    \csgdef { ca_affiliation_values } { }
    \IfNoValueTF { #2 }
      { }
      {
       \keys_set:nn { stm / affiliation } { #2 }
      }
     \IfNoValueTF { #1 }
      {
        \csgappto{elsauthors}{%
          \par\vspace*{6pt}\noindent
          \bgroup\def\baselinestretch{1}%
           \footnotesize\itshape%
           \unskip\ignorespaces}
        \csxappto{elsauthors}{\csuse { ca_affiliation_values }}
        \csgappto{elsauthors}{\par\vspace*{6pt}
          \noindent\unskip\ignorespaces
          \gdef\authorsep{}
        \egroup}
      }
      {
        \csgappto{elsaddress}{
        \def\baselinestretch{1}%
        \refstepcounter{affn}
        \xdef\@currentlabel{\theaffn}
        \IfNoValueTF { #1 }
          { }
          { \elsLabel{#1} }
        \textsuperscript{\theaffn}}
        \csxappto{elsaddress}{
          \csuse { ca_affiliation_values }
          \par
        }
      }
  }
  \ExplSyntaxOff
  \else%
  \def\caaffitempostskip{\space}

  \DeclareRobustCommand\caorganization[2][,]{%
     \g@addto@macro\caaffiliationvalues{#2#1\caaffitempostskip}%
  }
  \DeclareRobustCommand\capostalcode[2][,]{%
     \g@addto@macro\caaffiliationvalues{#2#1\caaffitempostskip}%
  }
  \DeclareRobustCommand\caaffcity[2][,]{%
     \g@addto@macro\caaffiliationvalues{#2#1\caaffitempostskip}%
  }
  \DeclareRobustCommand\caaddressline[2][,]{%
     \g@addto@macro\caaffiliationvalues{#2#1\caaffitempostskip}%
  }
  \DeclareRobustCommand\castate[2][,]{%
     \g@addto@macro\caaffiliationvalues{#2#1\caaffitempostskip}%
  }
  \DeclareRobustCommand\cacountry[2][,]{%
     \g@addto@macro\caaffiliationvalues{#2#1\caaffitempostskip}%
  }
  \DeclareRobustCommand\castmorganization[2][,]{%
     #2#1\caaffitempostskip%
  }
  \DeclareRobustCommand\castmpostalcode[2][,]{%
     #2#1\caaffitempostskip%
  }
  \DeclareRobustCommand\castmaffcity[2][,]{%
     #2#1\caaffitempostskip%
  }
  \DeclareRobustCommand\castmaddressline[2][,]{%
     #2#1\caaffitempostskip%
  }
  \DeclareRobustCommand\castmstate[2][,]{%
     #2#1\caaffitempostskip%
  }
  \DeclareRobustCommand\castmcountry[2][,]{%
     #2#1\caaffitempostskip%
  }

  \define@key{affiliation}{op}{\xdef\@organizationpunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{orp}{\xdef\@organizationpunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{organizationsep}{\xdef\@organizationpunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{ap}{\xdef\@addresslinepunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{adp}{\xdef\@addresslinepunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{addresslinesep}{\xdef\@addresslinepunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{cp}{\xdef\@citypunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{cip}{\xdef\@citypunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{cyp}{\xdef\@countrypunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{citysep}{\xdef\@citypunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{pp}{\xdef\@postcodepunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{pop}{\xdef\@postcodepunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{postcodesep}{\xdef\@postcodepunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{sp}{\xdef\@statepunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{stp}{\xdef\@statepunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{statesep}{\xdef\@statepunc{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{countrysep}{\xdef\@countrypunc{#1}}

  \define@key{affiliation}{organization}{%
   \caorganization[\@organizationpunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{addressline}{%
   \caaddressline[\@addresslinepunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{city}{%
   \caaffcity[\@citypunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{postcode}{%
   \capostalcode[\@postcodepunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{state}{%
   \castate[\@statepunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{or}{%
   \caorganization[\@organizationpunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{ad}{%
   \caaddressline[\@addresslinepunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{ci}{%
   \caaffcity[\@citypunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{po}{%
   \capostalcode[\@postcodepunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{st}{%
   \castate[\@statepunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{o}{%
   \caorganization[\@organizationpunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{a}{%
   \caaddressline[\@addresslinepunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{c}{%
   \cacity[\@citypunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{p}{%
   \capostcode[\@postcodepunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{s}{%
   \castate[\@statepunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{cy}{%
   \cacountry[\@countrypunc]{#1}}
  \define@key{affiliation}{country}{%
   \cacountry[\@countrypunc]{#1}}

  \gdef\@resetaffiliation{%
    \gdef\@organizationpunc{,}%
    \gdef\@addresslinepunc{,}%
    \gdef\@citypunc{,}%
    \gdef\@statepunc{,}%
    \gdef\@postcodepunc{,}%
    \gdef\@countrypunc{}%
  }

  \def\affiliation{\@ifnextchar[{\@@affiliation}{\@affiliation}}

  \newcommand*{\newstmrobustcmd}{}
  \protected\def\newstmrobustcmd{\@star@or@long\stmetb@new@command}

  \def\stmetb@new@command#1{\@testopt{\stmetb@newcommand#1}0}

  \def\stmetb@newcommand#1[#2]{%
    \@ifnextchar[%]
      {\stmetb@xargdef#1[#2]}
      {\ifx\l@ngrel@x\relax
         \let\l@ngrel@x\protected
       \else
         \protected\def\l@ngrel@x{\protected\long}%
       \fi
       \@argdef#1[#2]}}

  \long\def\stmetb@xargdef#1[#2][#3]#4{%
    \@ifdefinable#1{%
      \expandafter\protected
      \expandafter\def
      \expandafter#1%
      \expandafter{%
        \expandafter\@testopt
        \csname\string#1\endcsname{#3}}%
      \expandafter\@yargdef\csname\string#1\endcsname\tw@{#2}{#4}}}
  %
  \newcommand{\ifstmundef}[1]{%
    \ifdefined#1%
      \ifx#1\relax
        \expandafter\expandafter
        \expandafter\@firstoftwo
      \else
        \expandafter\expandafter
        \expandafter\@secondoftwo
      \fi
    \else
      \expandafter\@firstoftwo
    \fi}
  \newcommand{\stmexpandonce}[1]{%
    \unexpanded\expandafter{#1}}
  \newstmrobustcmd{\gstmappto}[2]{%
    \ifundef{#1}
      {\xdef#1{\unexpanded{#2}}}
      {\xdef#1{\stmexpandonce#1\unexpanded{#2}}}}
  \newstmrobustcmd{\xstmappto}[2]{%
    \ifstmundef{#1}
      {\xdef#1{#2}}
      {\xdef#1{\stmexpandonce#1#2}}}

  \long\def\@@affiliation[#1]#2{%
      \@resetaffiliation%
      \gdef\caaffiliationvalues{}%
      \elsLabel{#1}%
      \setkeys{affiliation}{#2}%
      \g@addto@macro\elsaddress{%
      \def\baselinestretch{1}%
      \refstepcounter{affn}%
      \xdef\@currentlabel{\theaffn}%
      \elsLabel{#1}%
      \textsuperscript{\theaffn}}
      \xstmappto\elsaddress{\caaffiliationvalues\par}}

  \long\def\@affiliation#1{%
      \@resetaffiliation%
      \gdef\caaffiliationvalues{}%
      \setkeys{affiliation}{#1}%
      \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{%
      \def\baselinestretch{1}}%
      \xstmappto\elsaddress{\caaffiliationvalues\par}}
\fi

\def\address{\@ifnextchar[{\@@address}{\@address}}

\long\def\@@address[#1]#2{\g@addto@macro\elsaddress{%
    \def\baselinestretch{1}%
     \refstepcounter{affn}
     \xdef\@currentlabel{\theaffn}
     \elsLabel{#1}%
    \textsuperscript{\theaffn}#2\par}}

\long\def\@address#1{\g@addto@macro\elsauthors{%
    \def\baselinestretch{1}%
    \addsep\footnotesize\itshape#1\def\addsep{\par\vskip6pt}%
    \def\authorsep{\par\vskip8pt}}}

\newbox\absbox
\let\@elsarticleabstitle\@empty %*%
\def\abstracttitle#1{\gdef\@elsarticleabstitle{#1}} %*%
\abstracttitle{Abstract} %*%
\renewenvironment{abstract}{\global\setbox\absbox=\vbox\bgroup
  \hsize=\textwidth\def\baselinestretch{1}%
  \noindent\unskip\textbf{\@elsarticleabstitle} %*%
 \par\medskip\noindent\unskip\ignorespaces}
 {\egroup}

\newbox\elsarticlehighlightsbox
\newbox\elsarticlegrabsbox
\def\@elsarticlehighlightstitle{Highlights}
\def\@elsarticlegrabstitle{Graphical Abstract}
\newif\ifelsprelimpagegrabs\global\elsprelimpagegrabsfalse
\newif\ifelsprelimpagehl\global\elsprelimpagehlfalse
\def\elsarticleprelims{%
 \ifelsprelimpagegrabs\relax%
   \thispagestyle{empty}%
   \unvbox\elsarticlegrabsbox%
   \pagebreak\clearpage%
 \fi%
 \ifelsprelimpagehl\relax%
   \thispagestyle{empty}
   \unvbox\elsarticlehighlightsbox%
   \pagebreak\clearpage%
   \setcounter{page}{1}%
 \fi%
}
\newenvironment{highlights}{%
  \global\elsprelimpagehltrue%
  \global\setbox\elsarticlehighlightsbox=\vbox\bgroup
  \hsize=\textwidth\def\baselinestretch{1}%
  \noindent\unskip{\Large\@elsarticlehighlightstitle}%*%
  \par\vskip12pt\noindent\unskip\ignorespaces\textbf{\@title}%
  \ifx\elsprelimauthors\@empty\relax\else%
    \par\vskip6pt\noindent\unskip\ignorespaces%
    \ifdoubleblind%
      \vspace*{2pc}
    \else%
      \elsprelimauthors%
    \fi%
  \fi%
  \par\medskip\noindent\unskip\ignorespaces
 \begin{itemize}
 }
 {\end{itemize}
  \egroup}
\newenvironment{graphicalabstract}{%
  \global\elsprelimpagegrabstrue%
  \global\setbox\elsarticlegrabsbox=\vbox\bgroup
  \hsize=\textwidth\def\baselinestretch{1}%
  \noindent\unskip{\Large\@elsarticlegrabstitle}%*%
  \par\vskip12pt\noindent\unskip\ignorespaces\textbf{\@title}%
  \ifx\elsprelimauthors\@empty\relax\else%
    \par\vskip6pt\noindent\unskip\ignorespaces%
    \ifdoubleblind%
      \vspace*{2pc}
    \else%
      \elsprelimauthors%
    \fi%
  \fi%
 \par\medskip\noindent\unskip\ignorespaces}
 {\egroup}

\newbox\keybox
\let\@elsarticlekwdtitle\@empty %*%
\def\keywordtitle#1{\gdef\@elsarticlekwdtitle{#1}} %*%
\def\keywordtitlesep#1{\gdef\@elsarticlekeywordtitlesep{#1}} %*%
\keywordtitle{Keywords} %*%
\keywordtitlesep{:\ }
\def\keyword{%
  \def\sep{\unskip, }%
 \def\MSC{\@ifnextchar[{\@MSC}{\@MSC[2000]}}
  \def\@MSC[##1]{\par\leavevmode\hbox {\it ##1~MSC:\space}}%
  \def\PACS{\par\leavevmode\hbox {\it PACS:\space}}%
  \def\JEL{\par\leavevmode\hbox {\it JEL:\space}}%
  \global\setbox\keybox=\vbox\bgroup\hsize=\textwidth
  \normalsize\normalfont\def\baselinestretch{1}
  \parskip\z@
  \noindent\textit{\@elsarticlekwdtitle\@elsarticlekeywordtitlesep}
  \raggedright                         % Keywords are not justified.
  \ignorespaces}
\def\endkeyword{\par \egroup}

\newdimen\Columnwidth
\Columnwidth=\columnwidth

\def\printFirstPageNotes{%
  \iflongmktitle
    \let\columnwidth=\textwidth
  \fi
\ifdoubleblind
\else
  \ifx\@tnotes\@empty\else\@tnotes\fi
  \ifx\@nonumnotes\@empty\else\@nonumnotes\fi
  \ifx\@cornotes\@empty\else\@cornotes\fi
  \ifx\@elseads\@empty\relax\else
   \let\thefootnote\relax
   \footnotetext{\ifnum\theead=1\relax
      \textit{Email address:\space}\else
      \textit{Email addresses:\space}\fi
     \@elseads}\fi
  \ifx\@elsuads\@empty\relax\else
   \let\thefootnote\relax
   \footnotetext{\textit{URL:\space}%
     \@elsuads}\fi
\fi
  \ifx\@fnotes\@empty\else\@fnotes\fi
  \iflongmktitle\if@twocolumn
   \let\columnwidth=\Columnwidth\fi\fi
}

%% Pushing text to begin on newpage %*%
\def\newpage@after@title{title}
\def\newpage@after@author{author}
\def\newpage@after@abstract{abstract}
\def\newpageafter#1%
    {\gdef\@elsarticlenewpageafter{#1}}

\long\def\pprintMaketitle{\clearpage
  \iflongmktitle\if@twocolumn\let\columnwidth=\textwidth\fi\fi
  \resetTitleCounters
  \def\baselinestretch{1}%
  \printFirstPageNotes
  \begin{\elsarticletitlealign}%
 \thispagestyle{pprintTitle}%
   \def\baselinestretch{1}%
    \Large\@title\par\vskip18pt%
    \ifx\@elsarticlenewpageafter\newpage@after@title% %*%
      \newpage
    \fi%
    \ifdoubleblind
      \vspace*{2pc}
    \else
      \normalsize\elsauthors\par\vskip10pt
      \footnotesize\itshape\elsaddress\par\vskip36pt
    \fi
    \ifx\@elsarticlenewpageafter\newpage@after@author% %*%
      \newpage
    \fi%
    \hrule\vskip12pt
    \ifvoid\absbox\else\unvbox\absbox\par\vskip10pt\fi
    \ifvoid\keybox\else\unvbox\keybox\par\vskip10pt\fi
    \hrule\vskip12pt
    \ifx\@elsarticlenewpageafter\newpage@after@abstract% %*%
      \newpage
    \fi%
    \end{\elsarticletitlealign}%
    \gdef\thefootnote{\arabic{footnote}}%
  }

\def\printWarning{%
     \mbox{}\par\vfill\par\bgroup
     \fboxsep12pt\fboxrule1pt
     \hspace*{.18\textwidth}
     \fcolorbox{gray50}{gray10}{\box\warnbox}
     \egroup\par\vfill\thispagestyle{empty}
     \setcounter{page}{0}
     \clearpage}

\long\def\finalMaketitle{%
  \resetTitleCounters
  \def\baselinestretch{1}%
   \MaketitleBox
   \thispagestyle{pprintTitle}%
  \gdef\thefootnote{\arabic{footnote}}%
  }

\long\def\MaketitleBox{%
  \resetTitleCounters
  \def\baselinestretch{1}%
  \begin{\elsarticletitlealign}%
   \def\baselinestretch{1}%
    \Large\@title\par\vskip18pt
  \ifdoubleblind
    \vspace*{2pc}
  \else
    \normalsize\elsauthors\par\vskip10pt
    \footnotesize\itshape\elsaddress\par\vskip36pt
  \fi
    \hrule\vskip12pt
    \ifvoid\absbox\else\unvbox\absbox\par\vskip10pt\fi
    \ifvoid\keybox\else\unvbox\keybox\par\vskip10pt\fi
    \hrule\vskip12pt
    \end{\elsarticletitlealign}%
}

\def\FNtext#1{\par\bgroup\footnotesize#1\egroup}
\newdimen\space@left
\def\alarm#1{\typeout{******************************}%
             \typeout{#1}%
             \typeout{******************************}%
}

\def\titlespancalculator#1#2#3#4{%
  % break count
  \@tempcnta=#4\relax%
  % pagebreakcount increment
  \advance\@tempcnta by 1\relax%
  % title page height
  \@tempdima=#1\relax%
  % Page height - title page notes height (only for first break)
  % Page height - textheight (for remaining breaks)
  % Page height - title page notes height
  \@tempdimb=#2\relax%
  % Remaining title page height
  \advance\@tempdima -\the\@tempdimb%
  % Checks if remaining title page
  % height less than textheight
  \ifdim\the\@tempdima>#3\relax%
     \titlespancalculator%
      {\the\@tempdima}{#3}{#3}{\the\@tempcnta}%Break again
  \else%
  % Save break count and exit.
     \xdef\savetitlepagespan{\the\@tempcnta}%
  \fi%
}%

\long\def\myfor#1#2#3{%
  \@tempcnta=#1\relax%
  \ifnum#1<#2\relax%
    \advance\@tempcnta by 1\relax%
    #3%
    \myfor{\the\@tempcnta}{#2}{#3}%
  \fi}

\long\def\getSpaceLeft{%\global\@twocolumnfalse%
   \global\setbox0=\vbox{\hsize=\textwidth\MaketitleBox}%
   \global\setbox1=\vbox{\hsize=\textwidth
    \let\footnotetext\FNtext
    \printFirstPageNotes}%
    \xdef\noteheight{\the\ht1}%
    \xdef\titleheight{\the\ht0}%
    \@tempdima=\vsize
    \advance\@tempdima-\noteheight
    \advance\@tempdima-1\baselineskip
    \xdef\savefpageheight{\the\@tempdima}%
    \setbox2=\vbox{\titlespancalculator{\titleheight}%
       {\savefpageheight}{\textheight}{0}}%
}

  \skip\footins=24pt

\newbox\els@boxa
\newbox\els@boxb

\ifpreprint
  \def\maketitle{\elsarticleprelims\pprintMaketitle}
  \else
   \ifnum\jtype=1
    \def\maketitle{%
      \elsarticleprelims%
      \iflongmktitle\getSpaceLeft
        \ifdim\noteheight>0pt%
    \advance\@tempdima-1.35\baselineskip
        \fi%
       \global\setbox\els@boxa=\vsplit0 to \@tempdima
       \box\els@boxa\par\resetTitleCounters
       \thispagestyle{pprintTitle}%
       \printFirstPageNotes
       \ifnum\savetitlepagespan>1\relax%
       \myfor{2}{\savetitlepagespan}{%
       \global\setbox\els@boxb=\vsplit0 to \textheight%\@tempdima
       \box\els@boxb}
       \else%
       \fi%
       \box0%
      \else
       \finalMaketitle\printFirstPageNotes
      \fi
    \gdef\thefootnote{\arabic{footnote}}}%
  \else
 \ifnum\jtype=5
    \def\maketitle{%
      \elsarticleprelims%
      \iflongmktitle\getSpaceLeft
        \ifdim\noteheight>0pt%
    \advance\@tempdima-1.35\baselineskip
        \fi%
       \global\setbox\els@boxa=\vsplit0 to \@tempdima
       \box\els@boxa\par\resetTitleCounters
       \thispagestyle{pprintTitle}%
       \printFirstPageNotes
       \ifnum\savetitlepagespan>1\relax%
       \myfor{2}{\savetitlepagespan}{%
       \global\setbox\els@boxb=\vsplit0 to \textheight%\@tempdima
       \twocolumn[\box\els@boxb]}
       \else%
       \fi%
       \twocolumn[\box0]%\printFirstPageNotes
      \else
       \twocolumn[\finalMaketitle]\printFirstPageNotes
     \fi
     \gdef\thefootnote{\arabic{footnote}}}
  \else
  \if@twocolumn
    \def\maketitle{%
        \elsarticleprelims%
        \iflongmktitle\getSpaceLeft
          \ifdim\noteheight>0pt%
    \advance\@tempdima-1.35\baselineskip
        \fi%
       \global\setbox\els@boxa=\vsplit0 to \@tempdima
       \box\els@boxa\par\resetTitleCounters
       \thispagestyle{pprintTitle}%
       \printFirstPageNotes
       \ifnum\savetitlepagespan>1\relax%
       \myfor{2}{\savetitlepagespan}{%
       \global\setbox\els@boxb=\vsplit0 to \textheight%\@tempdima
       \twocolumn[\box\els@boxb]}
       \else%
       \fi%
       \twocolumn[\box0]%
      \else
       \twocolumn[\finalMaketitle]\printFirstPageNotes
      \fi
     \gdef\thefootnote{\arabic{footnote}}}%
   \else
    \def\maketitle{%
      \elsarticleprelims%
      \iflongmktitle\getSpaceLeft
        \ifdim\noteheight>0pt%
    \advance\@tempdima-1.35\baselineskip
        \fi%
       \global\setbox\els@boxa=\vsplit0 to \@tempdima
       \box\els@boxa\par\resetTitleCounters
       \thispagestyle{pprintTitle}%
       \printFirstPageNotes
       \ifnum\savetitlepagespan>1\relax%
       \myfor{2}{\savetitlepagespan}{%
       \global\setbox\els@boxb=\vsplit0 to \textheight%\@tempdima
       \box\els@boxb}
       \else%
       \fi%
       \box0%
     \else
       \elsarticleprelims%
       \finalMaketitle\printFirstPageNotes
      \fi
    \gdef\thefootnote{\arabic{footnote}}}%
   \fi
  \fi
 \fi
\fi

\let\@elsarticlemyfooter\@empty
\let\@elsarticlemyfooteralign\@empty
\def\@elsarticlemyfooteralignleft{L}
\def\@elsarticlemyfooteralignright{R}
\def\@elsarticlemyfooteraligncenter{C}

\def\myfooter[#1]#2 %*%
      {\gdef\@elsarticlemyfooteralign{#1}
       \gdef\@elsarticlemyfooter{#2}}

\def\myfooterfont#1{\gdef\@myfooterfont{#1}}
\myfooterfont{\footnotesize\itshape}
\def\ps@pprintTitle{%
     \let\@oddhead\@empty
     \let\@evenhead\@empty
     \def\@oddfoot
       {\hbox to \textwidth%
        {\ifnopreprintline\relax\else
        \@myfooterfont%
         \ifx\@elsarticlemyfooteralign\@elsarticlemyfooteraligncenter%
           \hfil\@elsarticlemyfooter\hfil%
         \else%
         \ifx\@elsarticlemyfooteralign\@elsarticlemyfooteralignleft%
           \@elsarticlemyfooter\hfill{}%
         \else%
         \ifx\@elsarticlemyfooteralign\@elsarticlemyfooteralignright%
           {}\hfill\@elsarticlemyfooter%
%% Removed the preprint submitted line as per the instruction
%% received on 22 Oct 2024 from Arun Shanmugam (ELS) with the
%% subject line "FW: Preprint sentence in EM submissions"
         \fi%
         \fi%
         \fi%
         \fi%
         }%
       }%
     \let\@evenfoot\@oddfoot}
\def\@seccntDot{.}
\def\@seccntformat#1{\csname the#1\endcsname\@seccntDot\hskip 0.5em}

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
           {18\p@ \@plus 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@}%
           {9\p@ \@plus 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@}%
           {\normalsize\bfseries\boldmath}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
           {12\p@ \@plus 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@}%
           {3\p@ \@plus 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@}%
           {\normalfont\normalsize\itshape}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
           {12\p@ \@plus 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@}%
           {\p@}%
           {\normalfont\normalsize\itshape}}

\def\paragraph{\secdef{\els@aparagraph}{\els@bparagraph}}
\def\els@aparagraph[#1]#2{\elsparagraph[#1]{#2.}}
\def\els@bparagraph#1{\elsparagraph*{#1.}}

\newcommand\elsparagraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{0\z@}%
           {10\p@ \@plus 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@}%
           {-6\p@}%
           {\normalfont\itshape}}
\newdimen\leftMargin
\leftMargin=2em
\newtoks\@enLab  %\newtoks\@enfont
\def\@enQmark{?}
\def\@enLabel#1#2{%
  \edef\@enThe{\noexpand#1{\@enumctr}}%
  \@enLab\expandafter{\the\@enLab\csname the\@enumctr\endcsname}%
  \@enloop}
\def\@enSpace{\afterassignment\@enSp@ce\let\@tempa= }
\def\@enSp@ce{\@enLab\expandafter{\the\@enLab\space}\@enloop}
\def\@enGroup#1{\@enLab\expandafter{\the\@enLab{#1}}\@enloop}
\def\@enOther#1{\@enLab\expandafter{\the\@enLab#1}\@enloop}
\def\@enloop{\futurelet\@entemp\@enloop@}
\def\@enloop@{%
  \ifx A\@entemp         \def\@tempa{\@enLabel\Alph  }\else
  \ifx a\@entemp         \def\@tempa{\@enLabel\alph  }\else
  \ifx i\@entemp         \def\@tempa{\@enLabel\roman }\else
  \ifx I\@entemp         \def\@tempa{\@enLabel\Roman }\else
  \ifx 1\@entemp         \def\@tempa{\@enLabel\arabic}\else
  \ifx \@sptoken\@entemp \let\@tempa\@enSpace         \else
  \ifx \bgroup\@entemp   \let\@tempa\@enGroup         \else
  \ifx \@enum@\@entemp   \let\@tempa\@gobble          \else
                         \let\@tempa\@enOther
             \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
  \@tempa}
\newlength{\@sep} \newlength{\@@sep}
\setlength{\@sep}{.5\baselineskip plus.2\baselineskip
            minus.2\baselineskip}
\setlength{\@@sep}{.1\baselineskip plus.01\baselineskip
            minus.05\baselineskip}
\providecommand{\sfbc}{\rmfamily\upshape}
\providecommand{\sfn}{\rmfamily\upshape}
\def\@enfont{\ifnum \@enumdepth >1\let\@nxt\sfn \else\let\@nxt\sfbc \fi\@nxt}
\def\enumerate{%
   \ifnum \@enumdepth >3 \@toodeep\else
      \advance\@enumdepth \@ne
      \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}\fi
   \@ifnextchar[{\@@enum@}{\@enum@}}
\def\@@enum@[#1]{%
  \@enLab{}\let\@enThe\@enQmark
  \@enloop#1\@enum@
  \ifx\@enThe\@enQmark\@warning{The counter will not be printed.%
   ^^J\space\@spaces\@spaces\@spaces The label is: \the\@enLab}\fi
  \expandafter\edef\csname label\@enumctr\endcsname{\the\@enLab}%
  \expandafter\let\csname the\@enumctr\endcsname\@enThe
  \csname c@\@enumctr\endcsname7
  \expandafter\settowidth
            \csname leftmargin\romannumeral\@enumdepth\endcsname
            {\the\@enLab\hskip\labelsep}%
  \@enum@}
\def\@enum@{\list{{\@enfont\csname label\@enumctr\endcsname}}%
           {\usecounter{\@enumctr}\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}%
     \ifnum \@enumdepth>1\setlength{\topsep}{\@@sep}\else
           \setlength{\topsep}{\@sep}\fi
     \ifnum \@enumdepth>1\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt plus1pt minus1pt}%
      \else \setlength{\itemsep}{\@@sep}\fi
     %\setlength\leftmargin{\leftMargin}%%%{1.8em}
     \setlength{\parsep}{0pt plus1pt minus1pt}%
     \setlength{\parskip}{0pt plus1pt minus1pt}
                   }}

\def\endenumerate{\par\ifnum \@enumdepth >1\addvspace{\@@sep}\else
           \addvspace{\@sep}\fi \endlist}

\def\sitem{\@noitemargtrue\@item[\@itemlabel *]}

\def\itemize{\@ifnextchar[{\@Itemize}{\@Itemize[]}}

\def\@Itemize[#1]{\def\next{#1}%
  \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else
   \advance\@itemdepth\@ne
  \ifx\next\@empty\else\expandafter\def\csname
   labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth\endcsname{#1}\fi%
  \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}%
  \expandafter\list\csname\@itemitem\endcsname
  {\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}%
 \fi}
\def\newdefinition#1{%
  \@ifnextchar[{\@odfn{#1}}{\@ndfn{#1}}}%]
\def\@ndfn#1#2{%
  \@ifnextchar[{\@xndfn{#1}{#2}}{\@yndfn{#1}{#2}}}
\def\@xndfn#1#2[#3]{%
  \expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
    {\@definecounter{#1}\@newctr{#1}[#3]%
     \expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{%
       \expandafter\noexpand\csname the#3\endcsname \@dfncountersep
          \@dfncounter{#1}}%
     \global\@namedef{#1}{\@dfn{#1}{#2}}%
     \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@enddefinition}}}
\def\@yndfn#1#2{%
  \expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
    {\@definecounter{#1}%
     \expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{\@dfncounter{#1}}%
     \global\@namedef{#1}{\@dfn{#1}{#2}}%
     \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@enddefinition}}}
\def\@odfn#1[#2]#3{%
  \@ifundefined{c@#2}{\@nocounterr{#2}}%
    {\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
    {\global\@namedef{the#1}{\@nameuse{the#2}}
  \global\@namedef{#1}{\@dfn{#2}{#3}}%
  \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@enddefinition}}}}
\def\@dfn#1#2{%
  \refstepcounter{#1}%
  \@ifnextchar[{\@ydfn{#1}{#2}}{\@xdfn{#1}{#2}}}
\def\@xdfn#1#2{%
  \@begindefinition{#2}{\csname the#1\endcsname}\ignorespaces}
\def\@ydfn#1#2[#3]{%
  \@opargbegindefinition{#2}{\csname the#1\endcsname}{#3}\ignorespaces}
\def\@dfncounter#1{\noexpand\arabic{#1}}
\def\@dfncountersep{.}
\def\@begindefinition#1#2{\trivlist
   \item[\hskip\labelsep{\bfseries #1\ #2.}]\upshape}
\def\@opargbegindefinition#1#2#3{\trivlist
      \item[\hskip\labelsep{\bfseries #1\ #2\ (#3).}]\upshape}
\def\@enddefinition{\endtrivlist}

\def\@begintheorem#1#2{\trivlist
  \let\baselinestretch\@blstr
   \item[\hskip \labelsep{\bfseries #1\ #2.}]\itshape}
\def\@opargbegintheorem#1#2#3{\trivlist
  \let\baselinestretch\@blstr
      \item[\hskip \labelsep{\bfseries #1\ #2\ (#3).}]\itshape}

\def\newproof#1{%
  \@ifnextchar[{\@oprf{#1}}{\@nprf{#1}}}
\def\@nprf#1#2{%
  \@ifnextchar[{\@xnprf{#1}{#2}}{\@ynprf{#1}{#2}}}
\def\@xnprf#1#2[#3]{%
  \expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
    {\@definecounter{#1}\@newctr{#1}[#3]%
     \expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{%
       \expandafter\noexpand\csname the#3\endcsname \@prfcountersep
          \@prfcounter{#1}}%
     \global\@namedef{#1}{\@prf{#1}{#2}}%
  • references.bib206 B
    @article{example2024,
  title   = {An example reference},
  author  = {Doe, Jane and Smith, John},
  journal = {Example Journal},
  volume  = {1},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {1--10},
  year    = {2024}
}
  • main.pdfprebuilt · 158 KBReplaced by the first recompile.

    Binary file, seeded as-is.

  • main.synctex.gzprebuilt · 2.8 KBReplaced by the first recompile.

    Binary file, seeded as-is.