TemplateJournals

IEEE Journal (IEEEtran)

IEEE's official LaTeX class. Covers all IEEE Transactions (TPAMI, TIT, JSAC, ...) and IEEE conferences.

Loading PDF preview…

What’s inside

Starter files

main.tex891 B

\documentclass[journal]{IEEEtran}

\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{cite}
\usepackage{url}
\usepackage{hyperref}

\begin{document}

\title{Your Paper Title Here}

\author{First Author,~\IEEEmembership{Member,~IEEE},
        and Second Author,~\IEEEmembership{Senior Member,~IEEE}
\thanks{First Author is with First Affiliation (e-mail: first@example.com).}}

\markboth{IEEE Transactions on Example,~Vol.~XX, No.~X, Month~2026}%
{Author \MakeLowercase{\textit{et al.}}: Title}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
Your abstract here.
\end{abstract}

\begin{IEEEkeywords}
keyword1, keyword2, keyword3.
\end{IEEEkeywords}

\section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{F}{irst} word styled with IEEE drop cap.

\section{Related Work}

\section{Method}

\section{Experiments}

\section{Conclusion}

\nocite{*}
\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
\bibliography{references}

\end{document}

Libraries and docs

IEEEtran.bst56 KBVendored from mirrors.ctan.org on 2026-05-26.

%%
%% IEEEtran.bst
%% BibTeX Bibliography Style file for IEEE Journals and Conferences (unsorted)
%% Version 1.14 (2015/08/26)
%% 
%% Copyright (c) 2003-2015 Michael Shell
%% 
%% Original starting code base and algorithms obtained from the output of
%% Patrick W. Daly's makebst package as well as from prior versions of
%% IEEE BibTeX styles:
%% 
%% 1. Howard Trickey and Oren Patashnik's ieeetr.bst  (1985/1988)
%% 2. Silvano Balemi and Richard H. Roy's IEEEbib.bst (1993)
%% 
%% Support sites:
%% http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/
%% http://www.ctan.org/pkg/ieeetran
%% and/or
%% http://www.ieee.org/
%% 
%% For use with BibTeX version 0.99a or later
%%
%% This is a numerical citation style.
%% 
%%*************************************************************************
%% Legal Notice:
%% This code is offered as-is without any warranty either expressed or
%% implied; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
%% FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE! 
%% User assumes all risk.
%% In no event shall the IEEE or any contributor to this code be liable for
%% any damages or losses, including, but not limited to, incidental,
%% consequential, or any other damages, resulting from the use or misuse
%% of any information contained here.
%%
%% All comments are the opinions of their respective authors and are not
%% necessarily endorsed by the IEEE.
%%
%% This work is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)
%% ( http://www.latex-project.org/ ) version 1.3, and may be freely used,
%% distributed and modified. A copy of the LPPL, version 1.3, is included
%% in the base LaTeX documentation of all distributions of LaTeX released
%% 2003/12/01 or later.
%% Retain all contribution notices and credits.
%% ** Modified files should be clearly indicated as such, including  **
%% ** renaming them and changing author support contact information. **
%%*************************************************************************


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% DEFAULTS FOR THE CONTROLS OF THE BST STYLE %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% These are the defaults for the user adjustable controls. The values used
% here can be overridden by the user via IEEEtranBSTCTL entry type.

% NOTE: The recommended LaTeX command to invoke a control entry type is:
% 
%\makeatletter
%\def\bstctlcite{\@ifnextchar[{\@bstctlcite}{\@bstctlcite[@auxout]}}
%\def\@bstctlcite[#1]#2{\@bsphack
%  \@for\@citeb:=#2\do{%
%    \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}%
%    \if@filesw\immediate\write\csname #1\endcsname{\string\citation{\@citeb}}\fi}%
%  \@esphack}
%\makeatother
%
% It is called at the start of the document, before the first \cite, like:
% \bstctlcite{IEEEexample:BSTcontrol}
%
% IEEEtran.cls V1.6 and later does provide this command.



% #0 turns off the display of the number for articles.
% #1 enables
FUNCTION {default.is.use.number.for.article} { #1 }


% #0 turns off the display of the paper and type fields in @inproceedings.
% #1 enables
FUNCTION {default.is.use.paper} { #1 }


% #0 turns off the display of urls
% #1 enables
FUNCTION {default.is.use.url} { #1 }


% #0 turns off the forced use of "et al."
% #1 enables
FUNCTION {default.is.forced.et.al} { #0 }


% The maximum number of names that can be present beyond which an "et al."
% usage is forced. Be sure that num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al (below)
% is not greater than this value!
% Note: There are many instances of references in IEEE journals which have
% a very large number of authors as well as instances in which "et al." is
% used profusely.
FUNCTION {default.max.num.names.before.forced.et.al} { #10 }


% The number of names that will be shown with a forced "et al.".
% Must be less than or equal to max.num.names.before.forced.et.al
FUNCTION {default.num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al} { #1 }


% #0 turns off the alternate interword spacing for entries with URLs.
% #1 enables
FUNCTION {default.is.use.alt.interword.spacing} { #1 }


% If alternate interword spacing for entries with URLs is enabled, this is
% the interword spacing stretch factor that will be used. For example, the
% default "4" here means that the interword spacing in entries with URLs can
% stretch to four times normal. Does not have to be an integer. Note that
% the value specified here can be overridden by the user in their LaTeX
% code via a command such as: 
% "\providecommand\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfactor{1.5}" in addition to
% that via the IEEEtranBSTCTL entry type.
FUNCTION {default.ALTinterwordstretchfactor} { "4" }


% #0 turns off the "dashification" of repeated (i.e., identical to those
% of the previous entry) names. The IEEE normally does this.
% #1 enables
FUNCTION {default.is.dash.repeated.names} { #1 }


% The default name format control string.
FUNCTION {default.name.format.string}{ "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" }


% The default LaTeX font command for the names.
FUNCTION {default.name.latex.cmd}{ "" }


% The default URL prefix.
FUNCTION {default.name.url.prefix}{ "[Online]. Available:" }


% Other controls that cannot be accessed via IEEEtranBSTCTL entry type.

% #0 turns off the terminal startup banner/completed message so as to
% operate more quietly.
% #1 enables
FUNCTION {is.print.banners.to.terminal} { #1 }




%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% FILE VERSION AND BANNER %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

FUNCTION{bst.file.version} { "1.14" }
FUNCTION{bst.file.date} { "2015/08/26" }
FUNCTION{bst.file.website} { "http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/bibtex/" }

FUNCTION {banner.message}
{ is.print.banners.to.terminal
     { "-- IEEEtran.bst version" " " * bst.file.version *
       " (" * bst.file.date * ") " * "by Michael Shell." *
       top$
       "-- " bst.file.website *
       top$
       "-- See the " quote$ * "IEEEtran_bst_HOWTO.pdf" * quote$ * " manual for usage information." *
       top$
     }
     { skip$ }
   if$
}

FUNCTION {completed.message}
{ is.print.banners.to.terminal
     { ""
       top$
       "Done."
       top$
     }
     { skip$ }
   if$
}




%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% STRING CONSTANTS %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

FUNCTION {bbl.and}{ "and" }
FUNCTION {bbl.etal}{ "et~al." }
FUNCTION {bbl.editors}{ "eds." }
FUNCTION {bbl.editor}{ "ed." }
FUNCTION {bbl.edition}{ "ed." }
FUNCTION {bbl.volume}{ "vol." }
FUNCTION {bbl.of}{ "of" }
FUNCTION {bbl.number}{ "no." }
FUNCTION {bbl.in}{ "in" }
FUNCTION {bbl.pages}{ "pp." }
FUNCTION {bbl.page}{ "p." }
FUNCTION {bbl.chapter}{ "ch." }
FUNCTION {bbl.paper}{ "paper" }
FUNCTION {bbl.part}{ "pt." }
FUNCTION {bbl.patent}{ "Patent" }
FUNCTION {bbl.patentUS}{ "U.S." }
FUNCTION {bbl.revision}{ "Rev." }
FUNCTION {bbl.series}{ "ser." }
FUNCTION {bbl.standard}{ "Std." }
FUNCTION {bbl.techrep}{ "Tech. Rep." }
FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis}{ "Master's thesis" }
FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis}{ "Ph.D. dissertation" }
FUNCTION {bbl.st}{ "st" }
FUNCTION {bbl.nd}{ "nd" }
FUNCTION {bbl.rd}{ "rd" }
FUNCTION {bbl.th}{ "th" }


% This is the LaTeX spacer that is used when a larger than normal space
% is called for (such as just before the address:publisher).
FUNCTION {large.space} { "\hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4em\relax " }

% The LaTeX code for dashes that are used to represent repeated names.
% Note: Some older IEEE journals used something like
% "\rule{0.275in}{0.5pt}\," which is fairly thick and runs right along
% the baseline. However, the IEEE now uses a thinner, above baseline,
% six dash long sequence.
FUNCTION {repeated.name.dashes} { "------" }



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% PREDEFINED STRING MACROS %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

MACRO {jan} {"Jan."}
MACRO {feb} {"Feb."}
MACRO {mar} {"Mar."}
MACRO {apr} {"Apr."}
MACRO {may} {"May"}
MACRO {jun} {"Jun."}
MACRO {jul} {"Jul."}
MACRO {aug} {"Aug."}
MACRO {sep} {"Sep."}
MACRO {oct} {"Oct."}
MACRO {nov} {"Nov."}
MACRO {dec} {"Dec."}



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% ENTRY FIELDS %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

ENTRY
  { address
    assignee
    author
    booktitle
    chapter
    day
    dayfiled
    edition
    editor
    howpublished
    institution
    intype
    journal
    key
    language
    month
    monthfiled
    nationality
    note
    number
    organization
    pages
    paper
    publisher
    school
    series
    revision
    title
    type
    url
    volume
    year
    yearfiled
    CTLuse_article_number
    CTLuse_paper
    CTLuse_url
    CTLuse_forced_etal
    CTLmax_names_forced_etal
    CTLnames_show_etal
    CTLuse_alt_spacing
    CTLalt_stretch_factor
    CTLdash_repeated_names
    CTLname_format_string
    CTLname_latex_cmd
    CTLname_url_prefix
  }
  {}
  { label }




%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% INTEGER VARIABLES %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

INTEGERS { prev.status.punct this.status.punct punct.std
           punct.no punct.comma punct.period 
           prev.status.space this.status.space space.std
           space.no space.normal space.large
           prev.status.quote this.status.quote quote.std
           quote.no quote.close
           prev.status.nline this.status.nline nline.std
           nline.no nline.newblock 
           status.cap cap.std
           cap.no cap.yes}

INTEGERS { longest.label.width multiresult nameptr namesleft number.label numnames }

INTEGERS { is.use.number.for.article
           is.use.paper
           is.use.url
           is.forced.et.al
           max.num.names.before.forced.et.al
           num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al
           is.use.alt.interword.spacing
           is.dash.repeated.names}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% STRING VARIABLES %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

STRINGS { bibinfo
          longest.label
          oldname
          s
          t
          ALTinterwordstretchfactor
          name.format.string
          name.latex.cmd
          name.url.prefix}




%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% LOW LEVEL FUNCTIONS %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

FUNCTION {initialize.controls}
{ default.is.use.number.for.article 'is.use.number.for.article :=
  default.is.use.paper 'is.use.paper :=
  default.is.use.url 'is.use.url :=
  default.is.forced.et.al 'is.forced.et.al :=
  default.max.num.names.before.forced.et.al 'max.num.names.before.forced.et.al :=
  default.num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al 'num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al :=
  default.is.use.alt.interword.spacing 'is.use.alt.interword.spacing :=
  default.is.dash.repeated.names 'is.dash.repeated.names :=
  default.ALTinterwordstretchfactor 'ALTinterwordstretchfactor :=
  default.name.format.string 'name.format.string :=
  default.name.latex.cmd 'name.latex.cmd :=
  default.name.url.prefix 'name.url.prefix :=
}


% This IEEEtran.bst features a very powerful and flexible mechanism for
% controlling the capitalization, punctuation, spacing, quotation, and
% newlines of the formatted entry fields. (Note: IEEEtran.bst does not need
% or use the newline/newblock feature, but it has been implemented for
% possible future use.) The output states of IEEEtran.bst consist of
% multiple independent attributes and, as such, can be thought of as being
% vectors, rather than the simple scalar values ("before.all", 
% "mid.sentence", etc.) used in most other .bst files.
% 
% The more flexible and complex design used here was motivated in part by
% the IEEE's rather unusual bibliography style. For example, the IEEE ends the
% previous field item with a period and large space prior to the publisher
% address; the @electronic entry types use periods as inter-item punctuation
% rather than the commas used by the other entry types; and URLs are never
% followed by periods even though they are the last item in the entry.
% Although it is possible to accommodate these features with the conventional
% output state system, the seemingly endless exceptions make for convoluted,
% unreliable and difficult to maintain code.
%
% IEEEtran.bst's output state system can be easily understood via a simple
% illustration of two most recently formatted entry fields (on the stack):
%
%               CURRENT_ITEM
%               "PREVIOUS_ITEM
%
% which, in this example, is to eventually appear in the bibliography as:
% 
%               "PREVIOUS_ITEM," CURRENT_ITEM
%
% It is the job of the output routine to take the previous item off of the
% stack (while leaving the current item at the top of the stack), apply its
% trailing punctuation (including closing quote marks) and spacing, and then
% to write the result to BibTeX's output buffer:
% 
%               "PREVIOUS_ITEM," 
% 
% Punctuation (and spacing) between items is often determined by both of the
% items rather than just the first one. The presence of quotation marks
% further complicates the situation because, in standard English, trailing
% punctuation marks are supposed to be contained within the quotes.
% 
% IEEEtran.bst maintains two output state (aka "status") vectors which
% correspond to the previous and current (aka "this") items. Each vector
% consists of several independent attributes which track punctuation,
% spacing, quotation, and newlines. Capitalization status is handled by a
% separate scalar because the format routines, not the output routine,
% handle capitalization and, therefore, there is no need to maintain the
% capitalization attribute for both the "previous" and "this" items.
% 
% When a format routine adds a new item, it copies the current output status
% vector to the previous output status vector and (usually) resets the
% current (this) output status vector to a "standard status" vector. Using a
% "standard status" vector in this way allows us to redefine what we mean by
% "standard status" at the start of each entry handler and reuse the same
% format routines under the various inter-item separation schemes. For
% example, the standard status vector for the @book entry type may use
% commas for item separators, while the @electronic type may use periods,
% yet both entry handlers exploit many of the exact same format routines.
% 
% Because format routines have write access to the output status vector of
% the previous item, they can override the punctuation choices of the
% previous format routine! Therefore, it becomes trivial to implement rules
% such as "Always use a period and a large space before the publisher." By
% pushing the generation of the closing quote mark to the output routine, we
% avoid all the problems caused by having to close a quote before having all
% the information required to determine what the punctuation should be.
%
% The IEEEtran.bst output state system can easily be expanded if needed.
% For instance, it is easy to add a "space.tie" attribute value if the
% bibliography rules mandate that two items have to be joined with an
% unbreakable space. 

FUNCTION {initialize.status.constants}
{ #0 'punct.no :=
  #1 'punct.comma :=
  #2 'punct.period :=
  #0 'space.no := 
  #1 'space.normal :=
  #2 'space.large :=
  #0 'quote.no :=
  #1 'quote.close :=
  #0 'cap.no :=
  #1 'cap.yes :=
  #0 'nline.no :=
  #1 'nline.newblock :=
}

FUNCTION {std.status.using.comma}
{ punct.comma 'punct.std :=
  space.normal 'space.std :=
  quote.no 'quote.std :=
  nline.no 'nline.std :=
  cap.no 'cap.std :=
}

FUNCTION {std.status.using.period}
{ punct.period 'punct.std :=
  space.normal 'space.std :=
  quote.no 'quote.std :=
  nline.no 'nline.std :=
  cap.yes 'cap.std :=
}

FUNCTION {initialize.prev.this.status}
{ punct.no 'prev.status.punct :=
  space.no 'prev.status.space :=
  quote.no 'prev.status.quote :=
  nline.no 'prev.status.nline :=
  punct.no 'this.status.punct :=
  space.no 'this.status.space :=
  quote.no 'this.status.quote :=
  nline.no 'this.status.nline :=
  cap.yes 'status.cap :=
}

FUNCTION {this.status.std}
{ punct.std 'this.status.punct :=
  space.std 'this.status.space :=
  quote.std 'this.status.quote :=
  nline.std 'this.status.nline :=
}

FUNCTION {cap.status.std}{ cap.std 'status.cap := }

FUNCTION {this.to.prev.status}
{ this.status.punct 'prev.status.punct :=
  this.status.space 'prev.status.space :=
  this.status.quote 'prev.status.quote :=
  this.status.nline 'prev.status.nline :=
}


FUNCTION {not}
{   { #0 }
    { #1 }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {and}
{   { skip$ }
    { pop$ #0 }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {or}
{   { pop$ #1 }
    { skip$ }
  if$
}


% convert the strings "yes" or "no" to #1 or #0 respectively
FUNCTION {yes.no.to.int}
{ "l" change.case$ duplicate$
    "yes" =
    { pop$  #1 }
    { duplicate$ "no" =
        { pop$ #0 }
        { "unknown boolean " quote$ * swap$ * quote$ *
          " in " * cite$ * warning$
          #0
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}


% pushes true if the single char string on the stack is in the
% range of "0" to "9"
FUNCTION {is.num}
{ chr.to.int$
  duplicate$ "0" chr.to.int$ < not
  swap$ "9" chr.to.int$ > not and
}

% multiplies the integer on the stack by a factor of 10
FUNCTION {bump.int.mag}
{ #0 'multiresult :=
    { duplicate$ #0 > }
    { #1 -
      multiresult #10 +
      'multiresult :=
    }
  while$
pop$
multiresult
}

% converts a single character string on the stack to an integer
FUNCTION {char.to.integer}
{ duplicate$ 
  is.num
    { chr.to.int$ "0" chr.to.int$ - }
    {"noninteger character " quote$ * swap$ * quote$ *
          " in integer field of " * cite$ * warning$
    #0
    }
  if$
}

% converts a string on the stack to an integer
FUNCTION {string.to.integer}
{ duplicate$ text.length$ 'namesleft :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  #0 'numnames :=
    { nameptr namesleft > not }
    { duplicate$ nameptr #1 substring$
      char.to.integer numnames bump.int.mag +
      'numnames :=
      nameptr #1 +
      'nameptr :=
    }
  while$
pop$
numnames
}




% The output routines write out the *next* to the top (previous) item on the
% stack, adding punctuation and such as needed. Since IEEEtran.bst maintains
% the output status for the top two items on the stack, these output
% routines have to consider the previous output status (which corresponds to
% the item that is being output). Full independent control of punctuation,
% closing quote marks, spacing, and newblock is provided.
% 
% "output.nonnull" does not check for the presence of a previous empty
% item.
% 
% "output" does check for the presence of a previous empty item and will
% remove an empty item rather than outputing it.
% 
% "output.warn" is like "output", but will issue a warning if it detects
% an empty item.

FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
{ swap$
  prev.status.punct punct.comma =
     { "," * }
     { skip$ }
   if$
  prev.status.punct punct.period =
     { add.period$ }
     { skip$ }
   if$ 
  prev.status.quote quote.close =
     { "''" * }
     { skip$ }
   if$
  prev.status.space space.normal =
     { " " * }
     { skip$ }
   if$
  prev.status.space space.large =
     { large.space * }
     { skip$ }
   if$
  write$
  prev.status.nline nline.newblock =
     { newline$ "\newblock " write$ }
     { skip$ }
   if$
}

FUNCTION {output}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    'pop$
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}

FUNCTION {output.warn}
{ 't :=
  duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}

% "fin.entry" is the output routine that handles the last item of the entry
% (which will be on the top of the stack when "fin.entry" is called).

FUNCTION {fin.entry}
{ this.status.punct punct.no =
     { skip$ }
     { add.period$ }
   if$
   this.status.quote quote.close =
     { "''" * }
     { skip$ }
   if$
write$
newline$
}


FUNCTION {is.last.char.not.punct}
{ duplicate$
   "}" * add.period$
   #-1 #1 substring$ "." =
}

FUNCTION {is.multiple.pages}
{ 't :=
  #0 'multiresult :=
    { multiresult not
      t empty$ not
      and
    }
    { t #1 #1 substring$
      duplicate$ "-" =
      swap$ duplicate$ "," =
      swap$ "+" =
      or or
        { #1 'multiresult := }
        { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
      if$
    }
  while$
  multiresult
}

FUNCTION {capitalize}{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ }

FUNCTION {emphasize}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    { "\emph{" swap$ * "}" * }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {do.name.latex.cmd}
{ name.latex.cmd
  empty$
    { skip$ }
    { name.latex.cmd "{" * swap$ * "}" * }
  if$
}

% IEEEtran.bst uses its own \BIBforeignlanguage command which directly
% invokes the TeX hyphenation patterns without the need of the Babel
% package. Babel does a lot more than switch hyphenation patterns and
% its loading can cause unintended effects in many class files (such as
% IEEEtran.cls).
FUNCTION {select.language}
{ duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
    { language empty$ 'skip$
        { "\BIBforeignlanguage{" language * "}{" * swap$ * "}" * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix}
{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
    { "~" }
    { " " }
  if$
  swap$
}

FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor}
{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ }

FUNCTION {space.word}{ " " swap$ * " " * }


% Field Conditioners, Converters, Checkers and External Interfaces

FUNCTION {empty.field.to.null.string}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    { skip$ }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {either.or.check}
{ empty$
    { pop$ }
    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {empty.entry.warn}
{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
  month empty$ year empty$ note empty$ url empty$
  and and and and and and
    { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
    'skip$
  if$
}


% The bibinfo system provides a way for the electronic parsing/acquisition
% of a bibliography's contents as is done by ReVTeX. For example, a field
% could be entered into the bibliography as:
% \bibinfo{volume}{2}
% Only the "2" would show up in the document, but the LaTeX \bibinfo command
% could do additional things with the information. IEEEtran.bst does provide
% a \bibinfo command via "\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}". However, it is
% currently not used as the bogus bibinfo functions defined here output the
% entry values directly without the \bibinfo wrapper. The bibinfo functions
% themselves (and the calls to them) are retained for possible future use.
% 
% bibinfo.check avoids acting on missing fields while bibinfo.warn will
% issue a warning message if a missing field is detected. Prior to calling
% the bibinfo functions, the user should push the field value and then its
% name string, in that order.

FUNCTION {bibinfo.check}
{ swap$ duplicate$ missing$
    { pop$ pop$ "" }
    { duplicate$ empty$
        { swap$ pop$ }
        { swap$ pop$ }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn}
{ swap$ duplicate$ missing$
    { swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$ "" }
    { duplicate$ empty$
        { swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
        { swap$ pop$ }
      if$
    }
  if$
}


% The IEEE separates large numbers with more than 4 digits into groups of
% three. The IEEE uses a small space to separate these number groups. 
% Typical applications include patent and page numbers.

% number of consecutive digits required to trigger the group separation.
FUNCTION {large.number.trigger}{ #5 }

% For numbers longer than the trigger, this is the blocksize of the groups.
% The blocksize must be less than the trigger threshold, and 2 * blocksize
% must be greater than the trigger threshold (can't do more than one
% separation on the initial trigger).
FUNCTION {large.number.blocksize}{ #3 }

% What is actually inserted between the number groups.
FUNCTION {large.number.separator}{ "\," }

% So as to save on integer variables by reusing existing ones, numnames
% holds the current number of consecutive digits read and nameptr holds
% the number that will trigger an inserted space.
FUNCTION {large.number.separate}
{ 't :=
  ""
  #0 'numnames :=
  large.number.trigger 'nameptr :=
  { t empty$ not }
  { t #-1 #1 substring$ is.num
      { numnames #1 + 'numnames := }
      { #0 'numnames := 
        large.number.trigger 'nameptr :=
      }
    if$
    t #-1 #1 substring$ swap$ *
    t #-2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
    numnames nameptr =
      { duplicate$ #1 nameptr large.number.blocksize - substring$ swap$
        nameptr large.number.blocksize - #1 + global.max$ substring$
        large.number.separator swap$ * *
        nameptr large.number.blocksize - 'numnames :=
        large.number.blocksize #1 + 'nameptr :=
      }
      { skip$ }
    if$
  }
  while$
}

% Converts all single dashes "-" to double dashes "--".
FUNCTION {n.dashify}
{ large.number.separate
  't :=
  ""
    { t empty$ not }
    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
        { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
            { "--" *
              t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
            }
            {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
                { "-" *
                  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
                }
              while$
            }
          if$
        }
        { t #1 #1 substring$ *
          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
        }
      if$
    }
  while$
}


% This function detects entries with names that are identical to that of
% the previous entry and replaces the repeated names with dashes (if the
% "is.dash.repeated.names" user control is nonzero).
FUNCTION {name.or.dash}
{ 's :=
   oldname empty$
     { s 'oldname := s }
     { s oldname =
         { is.dash.repeated.names
              { repeated.name.dashes }
              { s 'oldname := s }
            if$
         }
         { s 'oldname := s }
       if$
     }
   if$
}

% Converts the number string on the top of the stack to
% "numerical ordinal form" (e.g., "7" to "7th"). There is
% no artificial limit to the upper bound of the numbers as the
% two least significant digits determine the ordinal form.
FUNCTION {num.to.ordinal}
{ duplicate$ #-2 #1 substring$ "1" =
      { bbl.th * }
      { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ "1" =
          { bbl.st * }
          { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ "2" =
              { bbl.nd * }
              { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ "3" =
                  { bbl.rd * }
                  { bbl.th * }
                if$
              }
            if$
          }
        if$
      }
    if$
}

% If the string on the top of the stack begins with a number,
% (e.g., 11th) then replace the string with the leading number
% it contains. Otherwise retain the string as-is. s holds the
% extracted number, t holds the part of the string that remains
% to be scanned.
FUNCTION {extract.num}
{ duplicate$ 't :=
  "" 's :=
  { t empty$ not }
  { t #1 #1 substring$
    t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
    duplicate$ is.num
      { s swap$ * 's := }
      { pop$ "" 't := }
    if$
  }
  while$
  s empty$
    'skip$
    { pop$ s }
  if$
}

% Converts the word number string on the top of the stack to
% Arabic string form. Will be successful up to "tenth".
FUNCTION {word.to.num}
{ duplicate$ "l" change.case$ 's :=
  s "first" =
    { pop$ "1" }
    { skip$ }
  if$
  s "second" =
    { pop$ "2" }
    { skip$ }
  if$
  s "third" =
    { pop$ "3" }
    { skip$ }
  if$
  s "fourth" =
    { pop$ "4" }
    { skip$ }
  if$
  s "fifth" =
    { pop$ "5" }
    { skip$ }
  if$
  s "sixth" =
    { pop$ "6" }
    { skip$ }
  if$
  s "seventh" =
    { pop$ "7" }
    { skip$ }
  if$
  s "eighth" =
    { pop$ "8" }
    { skip$ }
  if$
  s "ninth" =
    { pop$ "9" }
    { skip$ }
  if$
  s "tenth" =
    { pop$ "10" }
    { skip$ }
  if$
}


% Converts the string on the top of the stack to numerical
% ordinal (e.g., "11th") form.
FUNCTION {convert.edition}
{ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { duplicate$ #1 #1 substring$ is.num
        { extract.num
          num.to.ordinal
        }
        { word.to.num
          duplicate$ #1 #1 substring$ is.num
            { num.to.ordinal }
            { "edition ordinal word " quote$ * edition * quote$ *
              " may be too high (or improper) for conversion" * " in " * cite$ * warning$
            }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}




%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% LATEX BIBLIOGRAPHY CODE %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

FUNCTION {start.entry}
{ newline$
  "\bibitem{" write$
  cite$ write$
  "}" write$
  newline$
  ""
  initialize.prev.this.status
}

% Here we write out all the LaTeX code that we will need. The most involved
% code sequences are those that control the alternate interword spacing and
% foreign language hyphenation patterns. The heavy use of \providecommand
% gives users a way to override the defaults. Special thanks to Javier Bezos,
% Johannes Braams, Robin Fairbairns, Heiko Oberdiek, Donald Arseneau and all
% the other gurus on comp.text.tex for their help and advice on the topic of
% \selectlanguage, Babel and BibTeX.
FUNCTION {begin.bib}
{ "% Generated by IEEEtran.bst, version: " bst.file.version * " (" * bst.file.date * ")" *
  write$ newline$
  preamble$ empty$ 'skip$
    { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
  if$
  "\begin{thebibliography}{"  longest.label  * "}" *
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\url}[1]{#1}"
  write$ newline$
  "\csname url@samestyle\endcsname"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\newblock}{\relax}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\BIBentrySTDinterwordspacing}{\spaceskip=0pt\relax}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfactor}{"
  ALTinterwordstretchfactor * "}" *
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\BIBentryALTinterwordspacing}{\spaceskip=\fontdimen2\font plus "
  write$ newline$
  "\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfactor\fontdimen3\font minus \fontdimen4\font\relax}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\BIBforeignlanguage}[2]{{%"
  write$ newline$
  "\expandafter\ifx\csname l@#1\endcsname\relax"
  write$ newline$
  "\typeout{** WARNING: IEEEtran.bst: No hyphenation pattern has been}%"
  write$ newline$
  "\typeout{** loaded for the language `#1'. Using the pattern for}%"
  write$ newline$
  "\typeout{** the default language instead.}%"
  write$ newline$
  "\else"
  write$ newline$
  "\language=\csname l@#1\endcsname"
  write$ newline$
  "\fi"
  write$ newline$
  "#2}}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\BIBdecl}{\relax}"
  write$ newline$
  "\BIBdecl"
  write$ newline$
}

FUNCTION {end.bib}
{ newline$ "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ }

FUNCTION {if.url.alt.interword.spacing}
{ is.use.alt.interword.spacing
    { is.use.url
        { url empty$ 'skip$ {"\BIBentryALTinterwordspacing" write$ newline$} if$ }
        { skip$ }
      if$
    }
    { skip$ }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {if.url.std.interword.spacing}
{ is.use.alt.interword.spacing
    { is.use.url
        { url empty$ 'skip$ {"\BIBentrySTDinterwordspacing" write$ newline$} if$ }
        { skip$ }
      if$
    }
    { skip$ }
  if$
}




%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% LONGEST LABEL PASS %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
{ "" 'longest.label :=
  #1 'number.label :=
  #0 'longest.label.width :=
}

FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}
{ type$ "ieeetranbstctl" =
    { skip$ }
    { number.label int.to.str$ 'label :=
      number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
      label width$ longest.label.width >
        { label 'longest.label :=
          label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
        }
        { skip$ }
      if$
    }
  if$
}




%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% FORMAT HANDLERS %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% Lower Level Formats (used by higher level formats)

FUNCTION {format.address.org.or.pub.date}
{ 't :=
  ""
  year empty$
    { "empty year in " cite$ * warning$ }
    { skip$ }
  if$
  address empty$ t empty$ and
  year empty$ and month empty$ and
    { skip$ }
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      cap.status.std
      address "address" bibinfo.check *
      t empty$
        { skip$ }
        { punct.period 'prev.status.punct :=
          space.large 'prev.status.space :=
          address empty$
            { skip$ }
            { ": " * }
          if$
          t *
        }
      if$
      year empty$ month empty$ and
        { skip$ }
        { t empty$ address empty$ and
            { skip$ }
            { ", " * }
          if$
          month empty$
            { year empty$
                { skip$ }
                { year "year" bibinfo.check * }
              if$
            }
            { month "month" bibinfo.check *
              year empty$
                 { skip$ }
                 { " " * year "year" bibinfo.check * }
              if$
            }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}


FUNCTION {format.names}
{ 'bibinfo :=
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ {
  this.to.prev.status
  this.status.std
  's :=
  "" 't :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr
      name.format.string
      format.name$
      bibinfo bibinfo.check
      't :=
      nameptr #1 >
        { nameptr num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al #1 + =
          numnames max.num.names.before.forced.et.al >
          is.forced.et.al and and
            { "others" 't :=
              #1 'namesleft :=
            }
            { skip$ }
          if$
          namesleft #1 >
            { ", " * t do.name.latex.cmd * }
            { s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =
                { 't := }
                { pop$ }
              if$
              t "others" =
                { " " * bbl.etal emphasize * }
                { numnames #2 >
                    { "," * }
                    { skip$ }
                  if$
                  bbl.and
                  space.word * t do.name.latex.cmd *
                }
              if$
            }
          if$
        }
        { t do.name.latex.cmd }
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
  cap.status.std
  } if$
}




%% Higher Level Formats

%% addresses/locations

FUNCTION {format.address}
{ address duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      cap.status.std
    }
  if$
}



%% author/editor names

FUNCTION {format.authors}{ author "author" format.names }

FUNCTION {format.editors}
{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { ", " *
      get.bbl.editor
      capitalize
      *
    }
  if$
}



%% date

FUNCTION {format.date}
{
  month "month" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
  year  "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
    { swap$ 'skip$
        { this.to.prev.status
          this.status.std
          cap.status.std
         "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ }
      if$
      *
    }
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      cap.status.std
      swap$ 'skip$
        {
          swap$
          " " * swap$
        }
      if$
      *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.date.electronic}
{ month "month" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
  year  "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
    { swap$ 
        { pop$ }
        { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$
        pop$ ")" * "(" swap$ *
        this.to.prev.status
        punct.no 'this.status.punct :=
        space.normal 'this.status.space :=
        quote.no 'this.status.quote :=
        cap.yes  'status.cap :=
        }
      if$
    }
    { swap$ 
        { swap$ pop$ ")" * "(" swap$ * }
        { "(" swap$ * ", " * swap$ * ")" * }
      if$
    this.to.prev.status
    punct.no 'this.status.punct :=
    space.normal 'this.status.space :=
    quote.no 'this.status.quote :=
    cap.yes  'status.cap :=
    }
  if$
}



%% edition/title

% Note: The IEEE considers the edition to be closely associated with
% the title of a book. So, in IEEEtran.bst the edition is normally handled 
% within the formatting of the title. The format.edition function is 
% retained here for possible future use.
FUNCTION {format.edition}
{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      convert.edition
      status.cap
        { "t" }
        { "l" }
      if$ change.case$
      "edition" bibinfo.check
      "~" * bbl.edition *
      cap.status.std
    }
  if$
}

% This is used to format the booktitle of a conference proceedings.
% Here we use the "intype" field to provide the user a way to 
% override the word "in" (e.g., with things like "presented at")
% Use of intype stops the emphasis of the booktitle to indicate that
% we no longer mean the written conference proceedings, but the
% conference itself.
FUNCTION {format.in.booktitle}
{ booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      select.language
      intype missing$
        { emphasize
          bbl.in " " *
        }
        { intype " " * }
      if$
      swap$ *
      cap.status.std
    }
  if$
}

% This is used to format the booktitle of collection.
% Here the "intype" field is not supported, but "edition" is.
FUNCTION {format.in.booktitle.edition}
{ booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      select.language
      emphasize
      edition empty$ 'skip$
        { ", " *
          edition
          convert.edition
          "l" change.case$
          * "~" * bbl.edition *
        }
      if$
      bbl.in " " * swap$ *
      cap.status.std
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.article.title}
{ title duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      "t" change.case$
    }
  if$
  "title" bibinfo.check
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { quote.close 'this.status.quote :=
      is.last.char.not.punct
        { punct.std 'this.status.punct := }
        { punct.no 'this.status.punct := }
      if$
      select.language
      "``" swap$ *
      cap.status.std
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.article.title.electronic}
{ title duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      cap.status.std
      "t" change.case$ 
    }
  if$
  "title" bibinfo.check
  duplicate$ empty$ 
    { skip$ } 
    { select.language }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.book.title.edition}
{ title "title" bibinfo.check
  duplicate$ empty$
    { "empty title in " cite$ * warning$ }
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      select.language
      emphasize
      edition empty$ 'skip$
        { ", " *
          edition
          convert.edition
          status.cap
            { "t" }
            { "l" }
          if$
          change.case$
          * "~" * bbl.edition *
        }
      if$
      cap.status.std
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.book.title}
{ title "title" bibinfo.check
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      cap.status.std
      select.language
      emphasize
    }
  if$
}



%% journal

FUNCTION {format.journal}
{ journal duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      cap.status.std
      select.language
      emphasize
    }
  if$
}



%% how published

FUNCTION {format.howpublished}
{ howpublished duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      cap.status.std
    }
  if$
}



%% institutions/organization/publishers/school

FUNCTION {format.institution}
{ institution duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      cap.status.std
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.organization}
{ organization duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      cap.status.std
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.address.publisher.date}
{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.warn format.address.org.or.pub.date }

FUNCTION {format.address.publisher.date.nowarn}
{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.check format.address.org.or.pub.date }

FUNCTION {format.address.organization.date}
{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.address.org.or.pub.date }

FUNCTION {format.school}
{ school duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      cap.status.std
    }
  if$
}



%% volume/number/series/chapter/pages

FUNCTION {format.volume}
{ volume empty.field.to.null.string
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { this.to.prev.status
      this.status.std
      bbl.volume 
      status.cap
        { capitalize }
        { skip$ }
      if$
      swap$ tie.or.space.prefix
      "volume" bibinfo.che

IEEEtran.cls275 KBVendored from mirrors.ctan.org on 2026-05-26.

%%
%% IEEEtran.cls 2015/08/26 version V1.8b
%% 
%% This is the IEEEtran LaTeX class for authors of the Institute of 
%% Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Transactions journals and
%% conferences.
%% 
%% Support sites:
%% http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/
%% http://www.ctan.org/pkg/ieeetran
%% and
%% http://www.ieee.org/
%%
%% Based on the original 1993 IEEEtran.cls, but with many bug fixes
%% and enhancements (from both JVH and MDS) over the 1996/7 version.
%%
%%
%% Contributors:
%% Gerry Murray (1993), Silvano Balemi (1993),
%% Jon Dixon (1996), Peter N"uchter (1996),
%% Juergen von Hagen (2000), and Michael Shell (2001-2014)
%% 
%% 
%% Copyright (c) 1993-2000 by Gerry Murray, Silvano Balemi, 
%%                         Jon Dixon, Peter N"uchter,
%%                         Juergen von Hagen
%%                         and
%% Copyright (c) 2001-2015 by Michael Shell
%%
%% Current maintainer (V1.3 to V1.8b): Michael Shell
%%                                     See:
%%                                     http://www.michaelshell.org/
%%                                     for current contact information.
%%
%% Special thanks to Peter Wilson (CUA) and Donald Arseneau
%% for allowing the inclusion of the \@ifmtarg command 
%% from their ifmtarg LaTeX package. 
%% 
%%*************************************************************************
%% Legal Notice:
%% This code is offered as-is without any warranty either expressed or
%% implied; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
%% FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE! 
%% User assumes all risk.
%% In no event shall the IEEE or any contributor to this code be liable for
%% any damages or losses, including, but not limited to, incidental,
%% consequential, or any other damages, resulting from the use or misuse
%% of any information contained here.
%%
%% All comments are the opinions of their respective authors and are not
%% necessarily endorsed by the IEEE.
%%
%% This work is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)
%% ( http://www.latex-project.org/ ) version 1.3, and may be freely used,
%% distributed and modified. A copy of the LPPL, version 1.3, is included
%% in the base LaTeX documentation of all distributions of LaTeX released
%% 2003/12/01 or later.
%% Retain all contribution notices and credits.
%% ** Modified files should be clearly indicated as such, including  **
%% ** renaming them and changing author support contact information. **
%%
%% File list of work: IEEEtran.cls, IEEEtran_HOWTO.pdf, bare_adv.tex,
%%                    bare_conf.tex, bare_jrnl.tex, bare_conf_compsoc.tex,
%%                    bare_jrnl_compsoc.tex
%% 
%% Major changes to the user interface should be indicated by an 
%% increase in the version numbers. If a version is a beta, it will 
%% be indicated with a BETA suffix, i.e., 1.4 BETA.
%% Small changes can be indicated by appending letters to the version
%% such as "IEEEtran_v14a.cls".
%% In all cases, \Providesclass, any \typeout messages to the user,
%% \IEEEtransversionmajor and \IEEEtransversionminor must reflect the
%% correct version information.
%% The changes should also be documented via source comments.
%%*************************************************************************
%%
%
% Available class options 
% e.g., \documentclass[10pt,conference]{IEEEtran} 
% 
%             *** choose only one from each category ***
%
% 9pt, 10pt, 11pt, 12pt
%    Sets normal font size. The default is 10pt.
% 
% conference, journal, technote, peerreview, peerreviewca
%    determines format mode - conference papers, journal papers,
%    correspondence papers (technotes), or peer review papers. The user
%    should also select 9pt when using technote. peerreview is like
%    journal mode, but provides for a single-column "cover" title page for
%    anonymous peer review. The paper title (without the author names) is
%    repeated at the top of the page after the cover page. For peer review
%    papers, the \IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle command must be executed (will
%    automatically be ignored for non-peerreview modes) at the place the
%    cover page is to end, usually just after the abstract (keywords are
%    not normally used with peer review papers). peerreviewca is like
%    peerreview, but allows the author names to be entered and formatted
%    as with conference mode so that author affiliation and contact
%    information can be easily seen on the cover page.
%    The default is journal.
%
% draft, draftcls, draftclsnofoot, final
%    determines if paper is formatted as a widely spaced draft (for
%    handwritten editor comments) or as a properly typeset final version.
%    draftcls restricts draft mode to the class file while all other LaTeX
%    packages (i.e., \usepackage{graphicx}) will behave as final - allows
%    for a draft paper with visible figures, etc. draftclsnofoot is like
%    draftcls, but does not display the date and the word "DRAFT" at the foot
%    of the pages. If using one of the draft modes, the user will probably
%    also want to select onecolumn.
%    The default is final.
%
% letterpaper, a4paper, cspaper
%    determines paper size: 8.5in X 11in, 210mm X 297mm or 7.875in X 10.75in.
%    Changing the paper size in the standard journal and conference modes
%    will not alter the typesetting of the document - only the margins will
%    be affected. In particular, documents using the a4paper option will
%    have reduced side margins (A4 is narrower than US letter) and a longer
%    bottom margin (A4 is longer than US letter). For both cases, the top
%    margins will be the same and the text will be horizontally centered.
%    For the compsoc conference and draft modes, it is the margins that will
%    remain constant, and thus the text area size will vary, with changes in
%    the paper size.
%    The cspaper option is the special ``trim'' paper size (7.875in x 10.75in)
%    used in the actual publication of Computer Society journals. Under
%    compsoc journal mode, this option does not alter the typesetting of the
%    document. Authors should invoke the cspaper option only if requested to
%    do so by the editors of the specific journal they are submitting to.
%    For final submission to the IEEE, authors should generally use US letter 
%    (8.5 X 11in) paper unless otherwise instructed. Note that authors should
%    ensure that all post-processing (ps, pdf, etc.) uses the same paper
%    specificiation as the .tex document. Problems here are by far the number
%    one reason for incorrect margins. IEEEtran will automatically set the
%    default paper size under pdflatex (without requiring any change to
%    pdftex.cfg), so this issue is more important to dvips users. Fix
%    config.ps, config.pdf, or ~/.dvipsrc for dvips, or use the
%    dvips -t papersize option instead as needed. For the cspaper option,
%    the corresponding dvips paper name is "ieeecs".
%    See the testflow documentation
%    http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/testflow
%    for more details on dvips paper size configuration.
%    The default is letterpaper.
%
% oneside, twoside
%    determines if layout follows single sided or two sided (duplex)
%    printing. The only notable change is with the headings at the top of
%    the pages.
%    The default is oneside.
%
% onecolumn, twocolumn
%    determines if text is organized into one or two columns per page. One
%    column mode is usually used only with draft papers.
%    The default is twocolumn.
%
% comsoc, compsoc, transmag
%    Use the format of the IEEE Communications Society, IEEE Computer Society
%    or IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, respectively.
%
% romanappendices
%    Use the "Appendix I" convention when numbering appendices. IEEEtran.cls
%    now defaults to Alpha "Appendix A" convention - the opposite of what
%    v1.6b and earlier did.
%
% captionsoff
%    disables the display of the figure/table captions. Some IEEE journals
%    request that captions be removed and figures/tables be put on pages
%    of their own at the end of an initial paper submission. The endfloat
%    package can be used with this class option to achieve this format.
%
% nofonttune
%    turns off tuning of the font interword spacing. Maybe useful to those
%    not using the standard Times fonts or for those who have already "tuned"
%    their fonts.
%    The default is to enable IEEEtran to tune font parameters.
%
%
%----------
% Available CLASSINPUTs provided (all are macros unless otherwise noted):
% \CLASSINPUTbaselinestretch
% \CLASSINPUTinnersidemargin
% \CLASSINPUToutersidemargin
% \CLASSINPUTtoptextmargin
% \CLASSINPUTbottomtextmargin
%
% Available CLASSINFOs provided:
% \ifCLASSINFOpdf                       (TeX if conditional)
% \CLASSINFOpaperwidth                  (macro)
% \CLASSINFOpaperheight                 (macro)
% \CLASSINFOnormalsizebaselineskip      (length)
% \CLASSINFOnormalsizeunitybaselineskip (length)
%
% Available CLASSOPTIONs provided:
% all class option flags (TeX if conditionals) unless otherwise noted,
% e.g., \ifCLASSOPTIONcaptionsoff
% point size options provided as a single macro:
% \CLASSOPTIONpt
% which will be defined as 9, 10, 11, or 12 depending on the document's
% normalsize point size.
% also, class option peerreviewca implies the use of class option peerreview
% and classoption draft implies the use of class option draftcls





\ProvidesClass{IEEEtran}[2015/08/26 V1.8b by Michael Shell]
\typeout{-- See the "IEEEtran_HOWTO" manual for usage information.}
\typeout{-- http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/}
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}

% IEEEtran.cls version numbers, provided as of V1.3
% These values serve as a way a .tex file can
% determine if the new features are provided.
% The version number of this IEEEtrans.cls can be obtained from 
% these values. i.e., V1.4
% KEEP THESE AS INTEGERS! i.e., NO {4a} or anything like that-
% (no need to enumerate "a" minor changes here)
\def\IEEEtransversionmajor{1}
\def\IEEEtransversionminor{8}


% hook to allow easy changeover to IEEEtran.cls/tools.sty error reporting
\def\@IEEEclspkgerror{\ClassError{IEEEtran}}


% These do nothing, but provide them like in article.cls
\newif\if@restonecol
\newif\if@titlepage


% class option conditionals
\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONonecolumn       \CLASSOPTIONonecolumnfalse
\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONtwocolumn       \CLASSOPTIONtwocolumntrue

\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONoneside         \CLASSOPTIONonesidetrue
\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONtwoside         \CLASSOPTIONtwosidefalse

\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONfinal           \CLASSOPTIONfinaltrue
\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONdraft           \CLASSOPTIONdraftfalse
\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONdraftcls        \CLASSOPTIONdraftclsfalse
\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofoot  \CLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofootfalse

\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview      \CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewfalse
\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreviewca    \CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewcafalse

\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONjournal         \CLASSOPTIONjournaltrue
\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONconference      \CLASSOPTIONconferencefalse
\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONtechnote        \CLASSOPTIONtechnotefalse

\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONnofonttune      \CLASSOPTIONnofonttunefalse

\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONcaptionsoff     \CLASSOPTIONcaptionsofffalse

\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONcomsoc          \CLASSOPTIONcomsocfalse
\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc         \CLASSOPTIONcompsocfalse
\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONtransmag        \CLASSOPTIONtransmagfalse

\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONromanappendices \CLASSOPTIONromanappendicesfalse


% class info conditionals

% indicates if pdf (via pdflatex) output
\newif\ifCLASSINFOpdf               \CLASSINFOpdffalse


% V1.6b internal flag to show if using a4paper
\newif\if@IEEEusingAfourpaper       \@IEEEusingAfourpaperfalse
% V1.6b internal flag to show if using cspaper
\newif\if@IEEEusingcspaper          \@IEEEusingcspaperfalse


% IEEEtran class scratch pad registers
% dimen
\newdimen\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA
\newdimen\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB
\newdimen\@IEEEtrantmpdimenC
% count
\newcount\@IEEEtrantmpcountA
\newcount\@IEEEtrantmpcountB
\newcount\@IEEEtrantmpcountC
% token list
\newtoks\@IEEEtrantmptoksA

% we use \CLASSOPTIONpt so that we can ID the point size (even for 9pt docs)
% as well as LaTeX's \@ptsize to retain some compatability with some
% external packages
\def\@ptsize{0}
% LaTeX does not support 9pt, so we set \@ptsize to 0 - same as that of 10pt
\DeclareOption{9pt}{\def\CLASSOPTIONpt{9}\def\@ptsize{0}}
\DeclareOption{10pt}{\def\CLASSOPTIONpt{10}\def\@ptsize{0}}
\DeclareOption{11pt}{\def\CLASSOPTIONpt{11}\def\@ptsize{1}}
\DeclareOption{12pt}{\def\CLASSOPTIONpt{12}\def\@ptsize{2}}



\DeclareOption{letterpaper}{\setlength{\paperwidth}{8.5in}%
                            \setlength{\paperheight}{11in}%
                            \@IEEEusingAfourpaperfalse
                            \@IEEEusingcspaperfalse
                            \def\CLASSOPTIONpaper{letter}%
                            \def\CLASSINFOpaperwidth{8.5in}%
                            \def\CLASSINFOpaperheight{11in}}


\DeclareOption{a4paper}{\setlength{\paperwidth}{210mm}%
                        \setlength{\paperheight}{297mm}%
                        \@IEEEusingAfourpapertrue
                        \@IEEEusingcspaperfalse
                        \def\CLASSOPTIONpaper{a4}%
                        \def\CLASSINFOpaperwidth{210mm}%
                        \def\CLASSINFOpaperheight{297mm}}

% special paper option for compsoc journals
\DeclareOption{cspaper}{\setlength{\paperwidth}{7.875in}%
                        \setlength{\paperheight}{10.75in}%
                        \@IEEEusingcspapertrue
                        \@IEEEusingAfourpaperfalse
                        \def\CLASSOPTIONpaper{ieeecs}%
                        \def\CLASSINFOpaperwidth{7.875in}%
                        \def\CLASSINFOpaperheight{10.75in}}

\DeclareOption{oneside}{\@twosidefalse\@mparswitchfalse
                        \CLASSOPTIONonesidetrue\CLASSOPTIONtwosidefalse}
\DeclareOption{twoside}{\@twosidetrue\@mparswitchtrue
                        \CLASSOPTIONtwosidetrue\CLASSOPTIONonesidefalse}

\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\CLASSOPTIONonecolumntrue\CLASSOPTIONtwocolumnfalse}
\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\CLASSOPTIONtwocolumntrue\CLASSOPTIONonecolumnfalse}

% If the user selects draft, then this class AND any packages
% will go into draft mode.
\DeclareOption{draft}{\CLASSOPTIONdrafttrue\CLASSOPTIONdraftclstrue
                      \CLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofootfalse} 
% draftcls is for a draft mode which will not affect any packages
% used by the document.
\DeclareOption{draftcls}{\CLASSOPTIONdraftfalse\CLASSOPTIONdraftclstrue
                         \CLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofootfalse} 
% draftclsnofoot is like draftcls, but without the footer.
\DeclareOption{draftclsnofoot}{\CLASSOPTIONdraftfalse\CLASSOPTIONdraftclstrue
                               \CLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofoottrue} 
\DeclareOption{final}{\CLASSOPTIONdraftfalse\CLASSOPTIONdraftclsfalse
                      \CLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofootfalse}

\DeclareOption{journal}{\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewfalse\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewcafalse
                        \CLASSOPTIONjournaltrue\CLASSOPTIONconferencefalse\CLASSOPTIONtechnotefalse}

\DeclareOption{conference}{\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewfalse\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewcafalse
                           \CLASSOPTIONjournalfalse\CLASSOPTIONconferencetrue\CLASSOPTIONtechnotefalse}

\DeclareOption{technote}{\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewfalse\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewcafalse
                         \CLASSOPTIONjournalfalse\CLASSOPTIONconferencefalse\CLASSOPTIONtechnotetrue}

\DeclareOption{peerreview}{\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewtrue\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewcafalse
                           \CLASSOPTIONjournalfalse\CLASSOPTIONconferencefalse\CLASSOPTIONtechnotefalse}

\DeclareOption{peerreviewca}{\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewtrue\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewcatrue
                             \CLASSOPTIONjournalfalse\CLASSOPTIONconferencefalse\CLASSOPTIONtechnotefalse}

\DeclareOption{nofonttune}{\CLASSOPTIONnofonttunetrue}

\DeclareOption{captionsoff}{\CLASSOPTIONcaptionsofftrue}

\DeclareOption{comsoc}{\CLASSOPTIONcomsoctrue\CLASSOPTIONcompsocfalse\CLASSOPTIONtransmagfalse}

\DeclareOption{compsoc}{\CLASSOPTIONcomsocfalse\CLASSOPTIONcompsoctrue\CLASSOPTIONtransmagfalse}

\DeclareOption{transmag}{\CLASSOPTIONtransmagtrue\CLASSOPTIONcomsocfalse\CLASSOPTIONcompsocfalse}

\DeclareOption{romanappendices}{\CLASSOPTIONromanappendicestrue}


% default to US letter paper, 10pt, twocolumn, one sided, final, journal
\ExecuteOptions{letterpaper,10pt,twocolumn,oneside,final,journal}
% overrride these defaults per user requests
\ProcessOptions



%% -- Command Argument Scanning Support Functions --

% Sets the category codes for punctuation to their normal values.
% For local use with argument scanning.
\def\IEEEnormalcatcodespunct{\catcode`\!=12 \catcode`\,=12 \catcode`\:=12
\catcode`\;=12 \catcode`\`=12 \catcode`\'=12 \catcode`\"=12 \catcode`\.=12
\catcode`\/=12 \catcode`\?=12 \catcode`\*=12 \catcode`\+=12 \catcode`\-=12
\catcode`\<=12 \catcode`\>=12 \catcode`\(=12 \catcode`\)=12 \catcode`\[=12
\catcode`\]=12 \catcode`\==12 \catcode`\|=12}
% Sets the category codes for numbers to their normal values.
% For local use with argument scanning.
\def\IEEEnormalcatcodesnum{\catcode`\0=12 \catcode`\1=12 \catcode`\2=12
\catcode`\3=12 \catcode`\4=12 \catcode`\5=12 \catcode`\6=12 \catcode`\7=12
\catcode`\8=12 \catcode`\9=12}
% combined action of \IEEEnormalcatcodespunct and \IEEEnormalcatcodesnum
\def\IEEEnormalcatcodes{\IEEEnormalcatcodespunct\IEEEnormalcatcodesnum}


% usage: \@IEEEextracttoken*{}
% \@IEEEextracttoken fully expands its argument (which it then stores in
% \@IEEEextracttokenarg) via \edef and then the meaning of the first
% nonbrace (but including the empty group) token found is assigned via \let
% to \@IEEEextractedtoken as well as stored in the macro
% \@IEEEextractedtokenmacro. Tokens that would otherwise be discarded during
% the acquisition of the first are stored in \@IEEEextractedtokensdiscarded,
% however their original relative brace nesting depths are not guaranteed to
% be preserved.
% If the argument is empty, or if a first nonbrace token does not exist (or
% is an empty group), \@IEEEextractedtoken will be \relax and
% \@IEEEextractedtokenmacro and \@IEEEextractedtokensdiscarded will be empty.
%
% For example:
% \@IEEEextracttoken{{{ab}{cd}}{{ef}g}}
% results in:
%
% \@IEEEextracttokenarg          ==> a macro containing {{ab}{cd}}{{ef}g}
% \@IEEEextractedtoken           ==> the letter a
% \@IEEEextractedtokenmacro      ==> a macro containing a
% \@IEEEextractedtokensdiscarded ==> a macro containing bcd{ef}g
%
% the *-star form, \@IEEEextracttoken*, does not expand its argument
% contents during processing.
\def\@IEEEextracttoken{\@ifstar{\let\@IEEEextracttokendef=\def\@@IEEEextracttoken}{\let\@IEEEextracttokendef=\edef\@@IEEEextracttoken}}

\def\@@IEEEextracttoken#1{\@IEEEextracttokendef\@IEEEextracttokenarg{#1}\relax
\def\@IEEEextractedtokensdiscarded{}\relax % initialize to empty
% if the macro is unchanged after being acquired as a single undelimited argument
% with anything after it being stripped off as a delimited argument
% we know we have one token without any enclosing braces. loop until this is true.
\let\@IEEEextracttokencurgroup\@IEEEextracttokenarg
\loop
  % trap case of an empty argument as this would cause a problem with
  % \@@@IEEEextracttoken's first (nondelimited) argument acquisition
  \ifx\@IEEEextracttokencurgroup\@empty
    \def\@IEEEextractedtokenmacro{}\relax
  \else
    \expandafter\@@@IEEEextracttoken\@IEEEextracttokencurgroup\@IEEEgeneralsequenceDELIMITER\relax
  \fi
  \ifx\@IEEEextractedtokenmacro\@IEEEextracttokencurgroup
  \else
    \let\@IEEEextracttokencurgroup=\@IEEEextractedtokenmacro
\repeat
% we can safely do a \let= here because there should be at most one token
% the relax is needed to handle the case of no token found
\expandafter\let\expandafter\@IEEEextractedtoken\@IEEEextractedtokenmacro\relax}

\def\@@@IEEEextracttoken#1#2\@IEEEgeneralsequenceDELIMITER{\def\@IEEEextractedtokenmacro{#1}\relax
\def\@@IEEEextractedtokensdiscarded{#2}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\def\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter
\@IEEEextractedtokensdiscarded\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter
{\expandafter\@@IEEEextractedtokensdiscarded\@IEEEextractedtokensdiscarded}}
%%
%% -- End of Command Argument Scanning Support Functions --



% Computer Society conditional execution command
\long\def\@IEEEcompsoconly#1{\relax\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc\relax#1\relax\fi\relax}
% inverse
\long\def\@IEEEnotcompsoconly#1{\relax\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc\else\relax#1\relax\fi\relax}
% compsoc conference
\long\def\@IEEEcompsocconfonly#1{\relax\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc\ifCLASSOPTIONconference\relax#1\relax\fi\fi\relax}
% compsoc not conference
\long\def\@IEEEcompsocnotconfonly#1{\relax\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc\ifCLASSOPTIONconference\else\relax#1\relax\fi\fi\relax}


% comsoc verify that newtxmath, mtpro2, mt11p or mathtime has been loaded
\def\@IEEEcomsocverifymathfont{\typeout{-- Verifying Times compatible math font.}\relax
  \@ifpackageloaded{newtxmath}{\typeout{-- newtxmath loaded, OK.}}{\@@IEEEcomsocverifymathfont}}
\def\@@IEEEcomsocverifymathfont{\@ifpackageloaded{mtpro2}{\typeout{-- mtpro2 loaded, OK.}}{\@@@IEEEcomsocverifymathfont}}
\def\@@@IEEEcomsocverifymathfont{\@ifpackageloaded{mt11p}{\typeout{-- mt11p2 loaded, OK.}}{\@@@@IEEEcomsocverifymathfont}}
\def\@@@@IEEEcomsocverifymathfont{\@ifpackageloaded{mathtime}{\typeout{-- mathtime loaded, OK.}}{\@IEEEcomsocenforcemathfont}}

% comsoc, if a Times math font was not loaded by user, enforce it
\def\@IEEEcomsocenforcemathfont{\typeout{** Times compatible math font not found, forcing.}\relax
\IfFileExists{newtxmath.sty}{\typeout{-- Found newtxmath, loading.}\RequirePackage{newtxmath}}{\@@IEEEcomsocenforcemathfont}}
\def\@@IEEEcomsocenforcemathfont{\IfFileExists{mtpro2.sty}{\typeout{-- Found mtpro2, loading.}\RequirePackage{mtpro2}}{\@@@IEEEcomsocenforcemathfont}}
\def\@@@IEEEcomsocenforcemathfont{\IfFileExists{mt11p.sty}{\typeout{-- Found mt11p, loading.}\RequirePackage{mt11p}}{\@@@@IEEEcomsocenforcemathfont}}
\def\@@@@IEEEcomsocenforcemathfont{\IfFileExists{mathtime.sty}{\typeout{-- Found mathtime, loading.}\RequirePackage{mathtime}}{\@@@@@IEEEcomsocenforcemathfont}}
% if no acceptable Times math font package found, error with newtxmath requirement
\def\@@@@@IEEEcomsocenforcemathfont{\typeout{** No Times compatible math font package found. newtxmath is required.}\RequirePackage{newtxmath}}


\ifCLASSOPTIONcomsoc
  % ensure that if newtxmath is used, the cmintegrals option is also invoked
  \PassOptionsToPackage{cmintegrals}{newtxmath}
  % comsoc requires a Times like math font
  % ensure this requirement is satisfied at document start
  \AtBeginDocument{\@IEEEcomsocverifymathfont}
\fi



% The IEEE uses Times Roman font, so we'll default to Times.
% These three commands make up the entire times.sty package.
\renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv}
\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm}
\renewcommand{\ttdefault}{pcr}

% V1.7 compsoc nonconference papers, use Palatino/Palladio as the main text font,
% not Times Roman.
\@IEEEcompsocnotconfonly{\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ppl}}

% enable the selected main text font
\normalfont\selectfont


\ifCLASSOPTIONcomsoc
  \typeout{-- Using IEEE Communications Society mode.}
\fi

\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
  \typeout{-- Using IEEE Computer Society mode.}
\fi


% V1.7 conference notice message hook
\def\@IEEEconsolenoticeconference{\typeout{}%
\typeout{** Conference Paper **}%
\typeout{Before submitting the final camera ready copy, remember to:}%
\typeout{}%
\typeout{ 1. Manually equalize the lengths of two columns on the last page}%
\typeout{ of your paper;}%
\typeout{}%
\typeout{ 2. Ensure that any PostScript and/or PDF output post-processing}%
\typeout{ uses only Type 1 fonts and that every step in the generation}%
\typeout{ process uses the appropriate paper size.}%
\typeout{}}


% we can send console reminder messages to the user here
\AtEndDocument{\ifCLASSOPTIONconference\@IEEEconsolenoticeconference\fi}


% warn about the use of single column other than for draft mode
\ifCLASSOPTIONtwocolumn\else%
  \ifCLASSOPTIONdraftcls\else%
   \typeout{** ATTENTION: Single column mode is not typically used with IEEE publications.}%
  \fi%
\fi


% V1.7 improved paper size setting code.
% Set pdfpage and dvips paper sizes. Conditional tests are similar to that
% of ifpdf.sty. Retain within {} to ensure tested macros are never altered,
% even if only effect is to set them to \relax.
% if \pdfoutput is undefined or equal to relax, output a dvips special
{\@ifundefined{pdfoutput}{\AtBeginDvi{\special{papersize=\CLASSINFOpaperwidth,\CLASSINFOpaperheight}}}{%
% pdfoutput is defined and not equal to \relax
% check for pdfpageheight existence just in case someone sets pdfoutput
% under non-pdflatex. If exists, set them regardless of value of \pdfoutput.
\@ifundefined{pdfpageheight}{\relax}{\global\pdfpagewidth\paperwidth
\global\pdfpageheight\paperheight}%
% if using \pdfoutput=0 under pdflatex, send dvips papersize special
\ifcase\pdfoutput
\AtBeginDvi{\special{papersize=\CLASSINFOpaperwidth,\CLASSINFOpaperheight}}%
\else
% we are using pdf output, set CLASSINFOpdf flag
\global\CLASSINFOpdftrue
\fi}}

% let the user know the selected papersize
\typeout{-- Using \CLASSINFOpaperwidth\space x \CLASSINFOpaperheight\space
(\CLASSOPTIONpaper)\space paper.}

\ifCLASSINFOpdf
\typeout{-- Using PDF output.}
\else
\typeout{-- Using DVI output.}
\fi


% The idea hinted here is for LaTeX to generate markleft{} and markright{}
% automatically for you after you enter \author{}, \journal{},
% \journaldate{}, journalvol{}, \journalnum{}, etc.
% However, there may be some backward compatibility issues here as
% well as some special applications for IEEEtran.cls and special issues
% that may require the flexible \markleft{}, \markright{} and/or \markboth{}.
% We'll leave this as an open future suggestion.
%\newcommand{\journal}[1]{\def\@journal{#1}}
%\def\@journal{}



% pointsize values
% used with ifx to determine the document's normal size
\def\@IEEEptsizenine{9}
\def\@IEEEptsizeten{10}
\def\@IEEEptsizeeleven{11}
\def\@IEEEptsizetwelve{12}



% FONT DEFINITIONS (No sizexx.clo file needed) 
% V1.6 revised font sizes, displayskip values and
%      revised normalsize baselineskip to reduce underfull vbox problems
%      on the 58pc = 696pt = 9.5in text height we want
%      normalsize     #lines/column  baselineskip (aka leading)
%             9pt     63             11.0476pt (truncated down)
%            10pt     58             12pt      (exact)
%            11pt     52             13.3846pt (truncated down)
%            12pt     50             13.92pt   (exact)
%

% we need to store the nominal baselineskip for the given font size
% in case baselinestretch ever changes.
% this is a dimen, so it will not hold stretch or shrink
\newdimen\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip
\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\baselineskip



%% ******* WARNING! *******
%%
%% Authors should not alter font sizes, baselineskip ("leading"),
%% margins or other spacing values in an attempt to squeeze more
%% material on each page.
%%
%% The IEEE's own typesetting software will restore the correct
%% values when re-typesetting/proofing the submitted document,
%% possibly resulting in unexpected article over length charges.
%%
%% ******* WARNING! *******


% 9pt option defaults
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizenine
\typeout{-- This is a 9 point document.}
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9}{11.0476pt}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{11.0476pt}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 3pt minus 1pt
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus 3pt
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 3pt minus 1pt
\def\small{\@setfontsize{\small}{8.5}{10pt}}
\def\footnotesize{\@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8}{9pt}}
\def\scriptsize{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7}{8pt}}
\def\tiny{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5}{6pt}}
% sublargesize is the same as large - 10pt
\def\sublargesize{\@setfontsize{\sublargesize}{10}{12pt}}
\def\large{\@setfontsize{\large}{10}{12pt}}
\def\Large{\@setfontsize{\Large}{12}{14pt}}
\def\LARGE{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{14}{17pt}}
\def\huge{\@setfontsize{\huge}{17}{20pt}}
\def\Huge{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{20}{24pt}}
\fi
%
% 10pt option defaults
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeten
\typeout{-- This is a 10 point document.}
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{10}{12.00pt}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{12pt}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 4pt minus 2pt
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus 4pt
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 4pt minus 2pt
\def\small{\@setfontsize{\small}{9}{10pt}}
\def\footnotesize{\@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8}{9pt}}
\def\scriptsize{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7}{8pt}}
\def\tiny{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5}{6pt}}
% sublargesize is a tad smaller than large - 11pt
\def\sublargesize{\@setfontsize{\sublargesize}{11}{13.4pt}}
\def\large{\@setfontsize{\large}{12}{14pt}}
\def\Large{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14}{17pt}}
\def\LARGE{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{17}{20pt}}
\def\huge{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20}{24pt}}
\def\Huge{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{24}{28pt}}
\fi
%
% 11pt option defaults
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeeleven
\typeout{-- This is an 11 point document.}
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{11}{13.3846pt}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{13.3846pt}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 5pt minus 3pt
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus 5pt
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 5pt minus 3pt
\def\small{\@setfontsize{\small}{10}{12pt}}
\def\footnotesize{\@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{9}{10.5pt}}
\def\scriptsize{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{8}{9pt}}
\def\tiny{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{6}{7pt}}
% sublargesize is the same as large - 12pt
\def\sublargesize{\@setfontsize{\sublargesize}{12}{14pt}}
\def\large{\@setfontsize{\large}{12}{14pt}}
\def\Large{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14}{17pt}}
\def\LARGE{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{17}{20pt}}
\def\huge{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20}{24pt}}
\def\Huge{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{24}{28pt}}
\fi
%
% 12pt option defaults
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizetwelve
\typeout{-- This is a 12 point document.}
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{12}{13.92pt}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{13.92pt}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 6pt minus 4pt
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus 6pt
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 6pt minus 4pt
\def\small{\@setfontsize{\small}{10}{12pt}}
\def\footnotesize{\@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{9}{10.5pt}}
\def\scriptsize{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{8}{9pt}}
\def\tiny{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{6}{7pt}}
% sublargesize is the same as large - 14pt
\def\sublargesize{\@setfontsize{\sublargesize}{14}{17pt}}
\def\large{\@setfontsize{\large}{14}{17pt}}
\def\Large{\@setfontsize{\Large}{17}{20pt}}
\def\LARGE{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{20}{24pt}}
\def\huge{\@setfontsize{\huge}{22}{26pt}}
\def\Huge{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{24}{28pt}}
\fi



% V1.8a compsoc font sizes
% compsoc font sizes use bp "Postscript" point units (1/72in) 
% rather than the traditional pt (1/72.27)
\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
% -- compsoc defaults --
% ** will override some of these values later **
% 9pt
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizenine
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9bp}{11bp}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{11bp}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 3bp minus 1bp
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0bp plus 3bp
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 3bp minus 1bp
\def\small{\@setfontsize{\small}{8.5bp}{10bp}}
\def\footnotesize{\@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8bp}{9bp}}
\def\scriptsize{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7bp}{8bp}}
\def\tiny{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5bp}{6bp}}
% sublargesize is the same as large - 10bp
\def\sublargesize{\@setfontsize{\sublargesize}{10bp}{12bp}}
\def\large{\@setfontsize{\large}{10bp}{12bp}}
\def\Large{\@setfontsize{\Large}{12bp}{14bp}}
\def\LARGE{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{14bp}{17bp}}
\def\huge{\@setfontsize{\huge}{17bp}{20bp}}
\def\Huge{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{20bp}{24bp}}
\fi
%
% 10pt
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeten
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{10bp}{12bp}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{12bp}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 4bp minus 2bp
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus 4bp
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 4bp minus 2bp
\def\small{\@setfontsize{\small}{9bp}{10bp}}
\def\footnotesize{\@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8bp}{9bp}}
\def\scriptsize{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7bp}{8bp}}
\def\tiny{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5bp}{6bp}}
% sublargesize is a tad smaller than large - 11bp
\def\sublargesize{\@setfontsize{\sublargesize}{11bp}{13.5bp}}
\def\large{\@setfontsize{\large}{12bp}{14bp}}
\def\Large{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14bp}{17bp}}
\def\LARGE{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{17bp}{20bp}}
\def\huge{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20bp}{24bp}}
\def\Huge{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{24bp}{28bp}}
\fi
%
% 11pt
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeeleven
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{11bp}{13.5bp}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{13.5bp}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 5bp minus 3bp
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus 5bp
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 5bp minus 3bp
\def\small{\@setfontsize{\small}{10bp}{12bp}}
\def\footnotesize{\@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{9bp}{10.5bp}}
\def\scriptsize{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{8bp}{9bp}}
\def\tiny{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{6bp}{7bp}}
% sublargesize is the same as large - 12bp
\def\sublargesize{\@setfontsize{\sublargesize}{12bp}{14bp}}
\def\large{\@setfontsize{\large}{12bp}{14bp}}
\def\Large{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14bp}{17bp}}
\def\LARGE{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{17bp}{20bp}}
\def\huge{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20bp}{24bp}}
\def\Huge{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{24bp}{28bp}}
\fi
%
% 12pt
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizetwelve
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{12bp}{14bp}}%
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{14bp}%
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 6bp minus 4bp
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus 6bp
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 6bp minus 4bp
\def\small{\@setfontsize{\small}{10bp}{12bp}}
\def\footnotesize{\@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{9bp}{10.5bp}}
\def\scriptsize{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{8bp}{9bp}}
\def\tiny{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{6bp}{7bp}}
% sublargesize is the same as large - 14bp
\def\sublargesize{\@setfontsize{\sublargesize}{14bp}{17bp}}
\def\large{\@setfontsize{\large}{14bp}{17bp}}
\def\Large{\@setfontsize{\Large}{17bp}{20bp}}
\def\LARGE{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{20bp}{24bp}}
\def\huge{\@setfontsize{\huge}{22bp}{26bp}}
\def\Huge{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{24bp}{28bp}}
\fi
%
% -- override defaults: compsoc journals use special normalsizes --
\ifCLASSOPTIONconference
% 
% compsoc conferences
% 9pt
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizenine
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9bp}{10.8bp}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{10.8bp}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 3bp minus 1bp
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0bp plus 3bp
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 3bp minus 1bp
\fi
% 10pt
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeten
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{10bp}{11.2bp}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{11.2bp}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 4bp minus 2bp
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus 4bp
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 4bp minus 2bp
\fi
% 11pt
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeeleven
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{11bp}{13.2bp}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{13.2bp}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 5bp minus 3bp
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus 5bp
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 5bp minus 3bp
\fi
% 12pt
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizetwelve
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{12bp}{14.4bp}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{14.4bp}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 6bp minus 4bp
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus 6bp
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 6bp minus 4bp
\fi
% 
% compsoc nonconferences
\else
% 9pt
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizenine
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9bp}{10.8bp}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{10.8bp}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 3bp minus 1bp
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0bp plus 3bp
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 3bp minus 1bp
\fi
% 10pt
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeten
% the official spec is 9.5bp with 11.4bp leading for 10pt,
% but measurements of proofs suggest upto 11.723bp leading
% here we'll use 11.54bp which gives 61 lines per column
% with the standard compsoc margins
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9.5bp}{11.54bp}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{11.54bp}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 4bp minus 2bp
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus 4bp
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 4bp minus 2bp
\fi
% 11pt
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeeleven
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{11bp}{13.2bp}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{13.2bp}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 5bp minus 3bp
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus 5bp
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 5bp minus 3bp
\fi
% 12pt
\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizetwelve
\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{12bp}{14.4bp}}
\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{14.4bp}
\normalsize
\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus 6bp minus 4bp
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus 6bp
\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus 6bp minus 4bp
\fi
\fi\fi




% V1.6 The Computer Modern Fonts will issue a substitution warning for
% 24pt titles (24.88pt is used instead, but the default and correct
% Times font will scale exactly as needed) increase the substitution
% tolerance to turn off this warning.
% 
% V1.8a, the compsoc bp font sizes can also cause bogus font substitution
% warnings with footnote or scriptsize math and the $\bullet$ itemized
% list of \IEEEcompsocitemizethanks. So, increase this to 1.5pt or more.
\def\fontsubfuzz{1.7bp}


% warn the user in case they forget to use the 9pt option with
% technote
\ifCLASSOPTIONtechnote%
 \ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizenine\else%
  \typeout{** ATTENTION: Technotes are normally 9pt documents.}%
 \fi%
\fi


% V1.7
% Improved \textunderscore to provide a much better fake _ when used with
% OT1 encoding. Under OT1, detect use of pcr or cmtt \ttfamily and use
% available true _ glyph for those two typewriter fonts.
\def\@IEEEstringptm{ptm} % Times Roman family
\def\@IEEEstringppl{ppl} % Palatino Roman family
\def\@IEEEstringphv{phv} % Helvetica Sans Serif family
\def\@IEEEstringpcr{pcr} % Courier typewriter family
\def\@IEEEstringcmtt{cmtt} % Computer Modern typewriter family
\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\textunderscore}{\leavevmode
\ifx\f@family\@IEEEstringpcr\string_\else
\ifx\f@family\@IEEEstringcmtt\string_\else
\ifx\f@family\@IEEEstringptm\kern 0em\vbox{\hrule\@width 0.5em\@height 0.5pt\kern -0.3ex}\else
\ifx\f@family\@IEEEstringppl\kern 0em\vbox{\hrule\@width 0.5em\@height 0.5pt\kern -0.3ex}\else
\ifx\f@family\@IEEEstringphv\kern -0.03em\vbox{\hrule\@width 0.62em\@height 0.52pt\kern -0.33ex}\kern -0.03em\else
\kern 0.09em\vbox{\hrule\@width 0.6em\@height 0.44pt\kern -0.63pt\kern -0.42ex}\kern 0.09em\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\relax}




% set the default \baselinestretch
\def\baselinestretch{1}
\ifCLASSOPTIONdraftcls
  \def\baselinestretch{1.5}% default baselinestretch for draft modes
\fi 


% process CLASSINPUT baselinestretch
\ifx\CLASSINPUTbaselinestretch\@IEEEundefined
\else
  \edef\baselinestretch{\CLASSINPUTbaselinestretch} % user CLASSINPUT override
  \typeout{** ATTENTION: Overriding \string\baselinestretch\space to
           \baselines

references.bib210 B

@article{example2024,
  title   = {An example reference},
  author  = {Doe, Jane and Smith, John},
  journal = {IEEE Trans. Example},
  volume  = {1},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {1--10},
  year    = {2024}
}

main.pdfprebuilt · 48 KBReplaced by the first recompile.
Binary file, seeded as-is.
main.synctex.gzprebuilt · 3.0 KBReplaced by the first recompile.
Binary file, seeded as-is.